Interactive Literature MCQs

▶ Page 10 - Introductory (Part 1)

Q1. According to the text, a history of English literature is fundamentally an account of what?

A. Chronological books and their authors
B. The evolution of English grammar
C. Important political events
D. The history of printing presses

Q2. What does every book immediately take us back to, according to the text?

A. The historical era it was written in
B. The man behind it
C. The publisher of the book
D. The society of the time

Q3. In a history of English literature, what must we fix attention upon?

A. The economic background of the era
B. The personalities of the men who made the literature
C. The linguistic changes over time
D. The structural composition of the texts

Q4. What is a key limitation mentioned regarding a short sketch of literature history?

A. It cannot list every single book published.
B. It cannot examine in detail the authors' lives, experiences, and characters.
C. It cannot explain poetic meters.
D. It cannot cover more than one century.

Q5. According to the text, what does 'genius' fundamentally mean?

A. High intelligence quotient
B. Strength of personality and originality
C. The ability to write rapidly
D. Knowing many languages

Q6. Why is it important to understand the distinctive quality of an author's genius?

A. To know how much money they made
B. To understand how they lived their personal lives
C. To appreciate the reason they are studied in a historical survey
D. To guess their political affiliation

Q7. How does the text describe the initial, obvious answer to 'What is a history of English literature?'

A. Perfect and comprehensive
B. Completely incorrect
C. All right as far as it goes, but too vague
D. Too detailed and complex

Q8. What does every book embody, aside from being a product of genius?

A. The thoughts and feelings of its author
B. The exact events of the time
C. A hidden political message
D. The collective voice of the people

Q9. In examining authors, what must be left for a more extended study?

A. The titles of their books
B. Detailed examinations of their lives and characters
C. The chronological order of their works
D. The genres they wrote in

Q10. What is the consequence of strength of personality in a writer?

A. Wealth
B. Originality
C. Controversy
D. Anonymity

▶ Page 11 - Introductory (Part 2)

Q1. What is the one absolutely new thing every great writer brings into the world?

A. A new vocabulary
B. Himself
C. A new literary genre
D. A different political view

Q2. Why does an author's work bear its own special hallmark?

A. Because of the publisher's branding
B. Because they put their own personality into what they write
C. Because they follow strict literary rules
D. Because they write anonymously

Q3. What does a mere list of authors and their books fail to constitute?

A. A bibliography
B. A catalog
C. A history of literature
D. An index

Q4. How does literature as a whole behave from generation to generation?

A. It remains stagnant
B. It is forgotten
C. It grows and changes
D. It repeats itself perfectly

Q5. What happens when a writer's exceptionally powerful personality influences others?

A. They are banned from publishing
B. They reveal his influence in their thought and style
C. They stop writing
D. They create completely different works

Q6. How are literary 'schools' and 'movements' typically formed?

A. By government decree
B. Through the success and imitation of a particular kind of work
C. By critics demanding new styles
D. By pure coincidence

Q7. What does the 'school' of Pope refer to?

A. A physical building where Pope taught
B. A succession of poets who wrote in Pope's specific style
C. A group of philosophers
D. A religious institution

Q8. Which writer is credited with providing the principal impulse for the 'romantic' movement in prose fiction?

A. Pope
B. Spenser
C. Scott
D. Shakespeare

Q9. What must be remembered about even the most original men?

A. They never read other authors' works
B. They have their intellectual ancestry and are indebted to others
C. They are always popular in their lifetime
D. They always reject previous styles

Q10. What was the 'classic' movement in verse?

A. A movement that rejected Pope's style
B. A movement that carried on Pope's lead in verse
C. A movement inspired by Scott's novels
D. A movement that focused on ancient Greek texts

▶ Page 12 - Introductory (Part 3)

Q1. Whose movement in verse was Alexander Pope carrying to perfection?

A. Shakespeare's
B. Scott's
C. Spenser's
D. Dryden's

Q2. Before Scott became a supreme master in his literary school, what school was he educated in?

A. The classic school
B. The romantic school
C. The realist school
D. The modernist school

Q3. How is Shakespeare's entry into drama described?

A. He invented the drama of his day entirely from scratch.
B. He took the drama up at the point it had reached and followed his forerunners' lines.
C. He completely rejected all past dramatic forms.
D. He only wrote prose fiction before turning to drama.

Q4. What is the central purpose of a history of literature, according to the text?

A. To list every author's biography
B. To give a clear account of the transformation of literature from period to period
C. To rank authors by greatness
D. To critique the personal lives of writers

Q5. How do the prevailing tastes of one age usually compare to those of another age?

A. They are identical
B. They are slightly different
C. They are sure to differ, often enormously
D. They cycle predictably every decade

Q6. How does the text describe the literature of the great Victorian era in relation to today?

A. It is entirely identical to modern literature
B. Much of it now seems as foreign to us as its fashions in dress
C. It is completely lost and unreadable
D. It is the only literature worth studying

Q7. In Spenser's day, there was boundless enthusiasm for which work?

A. The Lady of the Lake
B. Essay on Man
C. The Faery Queene
D. Hamlet

Q8. In Pope's day, which work garnered boundless enthusiasm?

A. The Faery Queene
B. Essay on Man
C. The Lady of the Lake
D. Lyrical Ballads

Q9. What must we be careful NOT to do when considering the influence of individual men?

A. Give full weight to personal initiative
B. Emphasize their importance to the exclusion of all other considerations
C. Recognize their impact on literature
D. Note their intellectual ancestry

Q10. By what is even the greatest genius necessarily moulded?

A. Only by their own thoughts
B. By the culture, ideals, and mental life of their time
C. By the royal decree of their era
D. By the geographical location of their birth

▶ Page 13 - Introductory (Part 4)

Q1. According to the text, a writer's work is largely determined by what?

A. The amount of money he makes
B. The moral and intellectual tendencies of his world
C. The length of his life
D. The geographical region he lives in

Q2. How is every writer regarded in relation to his time?

A. As a product of his time
B. As completely disconnected from his time
C. As an anomaly of his time
D. As an opponent of his time

Q3. What kind of influences belong to the sphere of books and scholarship?

A. Political influences
B. Purely literary influences
C. Economic influences
D. Societal influences

Q4. Which era's English literature was heavily influenced by enthusiasm for Greek and Latin classics?

A. The Victorian era
B. The Romantic era
C. The Elizabethan era
D. The Modernist era

Q5. Which movement revived interest in the art and literature of the middle ages?

A. The Renaissance
B. The Medieval Revival
C. The French Revolution
D. Puritanism

Q6. Under the spell of which literature were English writers during the end of the seventeenth century?

A. Italian
B. French
C. German
D. Spanish

Q7. What factor, besides literary ones, can deeply affect the making of literature?

A. General life, politics, and society
B. The physical health of the author
C. The publisher's preferences
D. The amount of paper available

Q8. Which of the following is mentioned as an example of a non-literary movement that impacted general history and literature?

A. The invention of the printing press
B. The French Revolution
C. The discovery of America
D. The building of the Globe Theatre

Q9. What must we never think of a book as being?

A. Written for entertainment
B. Written outside the conditions of time and space
C. Written by a solitary author
D. Written with political intent

Q10. How should we think of a book, according to the text?

A. As an isolated work of fiction
B. As a document solely for historians
C. As the work of a man affected by the atmosphere and movements of his age
D. As a completely independent creation

▶ Page 14 - Introductory (Part 5)

Q1. What is the principal object of a history of English literature?

A. To memorize dates of publication
B. To trace the progress of English literature through all its transformations
C. To judge the moral character of authors
D. To list the most popular books of each century

Q2. A history of English literature acts as a record of individual men AND what else?

A. The number of copies sold
B. The political laws of the time
C. The personal and impersonal forces that shaped their work
D. The financial success of their publications

Q3. Why does a history of English literature have a national character?

A. Because every man belongs to his race and age, expressing its spirit
B. Because it is funded by the government
C. Because all writers must be born in England
D. Because literature is only read by the nation's citizens

Q4. How is ordinary English history described in comparison to its literature?

A. Ordinary history is its autobiography, literature is its biography
B. Ordinary history is its fiction, literature is its reality
C. Ordinary history is its biography, literature is its autobiography
D. Ordinary history is its economy, literature is its politics

Q5. What does the story of ordinary English history primarily contain?

A. Intellectual and moral development
B. Actions and practical achievements
C. Poetry and drama
D. Literary criticism

Q6. What does English literature tell the story of?

A. Military conquests
B. Intellectual and moral development
C. Economic trade
D. Scientific discoveries

Q7. By following the history of our literature, what do we come into direct contact with?

A. The exact physical appearance of our ancestors
B. The motive forces of the inner life of each generation
C. The architectural designs of the past
D. The legal codes of previous centuries

Q8. What can we learn at first hand about a past generation by studying its literature?

A. How they built their houses
B. What they looked like
C. What standards of conduct and taste governed them
D. What agricultural techniques they used

Q9. How should we think of English literature in chronological study?

A. As a collection of random stories
B. As a static set of rules
C. As the progressive revelation of the mind and spirit of the English people
D. As a series of unrelated individual achievements

Q10. What does the spirit of an author's race and age find through him?

A. Complete rejection
B. Financial gain
C. Expression
D. Erasure

▶ Page 15 - Introductory (Part 6)

Q1. Why is the history of English literature always divided into periods?

A. Because books were only published in certain years
B. Because authors demanded it
C. Primarily as a matter of convenience for study
D. Because different languages were spoken in each period

Q2. What defines a 'period' in the context of literature?

A. Exactly one hundred years
B. The lifespan of a single author
C. A length of time during which a particular kind of taste prevails
D. The reign of a single monarch

Q3. What happens when there is a decisive change of taste?

A. A period comes to a close while another opens
B. Literature stops being produced
C. All previous books are destroyed
D. Authors stop writing completely

Q4. What must we be on guard against when treating these literary periods?

A. Remembering the dates too exactly
B. Treating them as rigorously fixed and self-contained
C. Studying them too closely
D. Associating them with history

Q5. How does history recognize endings and beginnings?

A. It recognizes only absolute endings
B. It recognizes only absolute beginnings
C. It recognizes only a continuous flow, not absolute endings and beginnings
D. It recognizes them perfectly by century marks

Q6. Why is the division of periods sometimes considered arbitrary?

A. Because authors often lived in multiple countries
B. Because chronological age overlaps, as seen with Dryden and Milton
C. Because all authors write exactly the same way
D. Because time is an illusion

Q7. Why are literary periods practically of utmost value?

A. They help concentrate attention on the most important things in each stage
B. They make it easy to skip certain centuries
C. They ensure we only read the best authors
D. They help memorize dates faster

Q8. What is a common method of labeling literary periods, which the author decides against?

A. By the dominant religion
B. By epithets derived from history (e.g., Elizabethan Age)
C. By the number of books published
D. By the geographic location

Q9. How does the author purpose to designate each period?

A. By the ruling monarch
B. By the name of its most characteristic and representative writer
C. By century
D. By the most popular book

Q10. Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the large divisions of study in the text?

A. The Age of Shakespeare
B. The Age of Milton
C. The Age of Dickens
D. The Age of Pope

▶ Page 16 - Introductory (Conclusion)

Q1. Because the book is described as 'a little book on a big subject,' how will the various questions of English literature be treated?

A. Exhaustively and in great detail
B. Very briefly
C. Through extensive footnotes
D. By focusing only on the 19th century

Q2. Due to space limitations, to what will the book's attention be almost entirely confined?

A. General literature
B. The literature of science
C. Theological tracts
D. Philosophical essays

Q3. Which of the following is NOT listed as a 'special subject' whose literature will generally be omitted?

A. Science
B. Theology
C. General fiction and poetry
D. Philosophy

Q4. Under what condition will the literature of special subjects be mentioned?

A. If the author personally likes them
B. If there is some particular reason for mentioning them
C. If they were written before the 15th century
D. If they were best-sellers

Q5. What will the appended table in the book show?

A. The birthdates of all authors
B. The exact number of pages in famous novels
C. The rough limits of the periods and their relations with general history
D. A list of all omitted scientific works

Q6. Why are subjects like theology and philosophy generally omitted from this survey?

A. Because they are not written in English
B. Because of the limitations of space
C. Because they do not count as written works
D. Because they were banned in England

Q7. How does the author characterize the subject of the history of English literature?

A. As a 'little subject'
B. As a 'big subject'
C. As a 'dying subject'
D. As an 'irrelevant subject'

Q8. How does the author describe the physical size of his book in relation to its subject?

A. A little book
B. A massive encyclopedia
C. A multi-volume series
D. A pocket dictionary

Q9. What type of literature represents the primary focus of this specific historical survey?

A. Specialized academic writing
B. General literature
C. Medical journals
D. Religious sermons

Q10. What relationship will the book's tabular outline highlight?

A. The relation between English and French monarchs
B. The relation between periods of literature and periods of general history
C. The relation between science and theology
D. The relation between poetry and philosophy

▶ Page 17 - English Literature Before Chaucer (Part 1)

Q1. What are the dates given for the period 'English Literature Before Chaucer'?

A. 1340-1400
B. 500-1340
C. 1066-1500
D. 400-1066

Q2. What was the former practice among historians of the English language?

A. To consider all early English as identical to Latin
B. To draw a sharp dividing line between 'Anglo-Saxon' and 'English'
C. To ignore the Norman Conquest entirely
D. To classify English as a Romance language

Q3. What two languages united to form the new speech distinguished as 'English' after the Conquest?

A. Anglo-Saxon and Norman French
B. Celtic and Latin
C. Old Norse and Norman French
D. Anglo-Saxon and Spanish

Q4. How do modern writers view the foundation of the English language?

A. As essentially a Romance language
B. As essentially a Celtic language
C. As essentially a Teutonic language
D. As essentially a Slavic language

Q5. What term is now commonly used instead of 'Anglo-Saxon' by modern writers?

A. Proto-English
B. Old English
C. Middle English
D. Ancient English

Q6. According to the modern conception, when did English literature begin?

A. With Chaucer
B. After the Norman Conquest
C. Far back with the beginnings of the English people on the continent of Europe
D. During the Elizabethan era

Q7. What concept regarding the development of the English language do modern writers emphasize?

A. Unbroken continuity
B. Complete disruption by the Conquest
C. Total replacement of the old language
D. Stagnation for centuries

Q8. How does the modern interpretation view what was once called Anglo-Saxon literature?

A. As a completely foreign literature
B. As an early form of English literature
C. As a branch of Norman French literature
D. As having no literary merit

Q9. In the past, who was often said to be the starting point of English literature?

A. William the Conqueror
B. Caedmon
C. Beowulf
D. Chaucer

Q10. Who brought over the Norman French language?

A. The Vikings
B. The Romans
C. The Conqueror
D. The Celts

▶ Page 18 - English Literature Before Chaucer (Part 2)

Q1. Who is mentioned as using an early form of English some seven centuries before Chaucer?

A. Shakespeare
B. Caedmon
C. Beowulf
D. Grendel

Q2. What is the fundamental difference in how we approach reading Caedmon's English vs. Chaucer's English?

A. Caedmon's English is completely lost, while Chaucer's is preserved.
B. We must learn Caedmon's like a foreign language, but Chaucer's feels like an archaic form of our own tongue.
C. Caedmon's English is exactly like modern English, while Chaucer's is foreign.
D. Both are equally easy to read without study.

Q3. How is Caedmon's literary style described in comparison to ours?

A. Based on the exact same principles as modern poetry
B. Based on principles radically different from ours
C. Mostly written in prose, not poetry
D. Heavily influenced by Norman French

Q4. Despite the continuous history of English literature, when does the author argue that 'modern English literature definitely begins'?

A. With Caedmon
B. With Beowulf
C. With Chaucer
D. With Shakespeare

Q5. Which famous epic is preserved from the Anglo-Saxon poetry period?

A. The Iliad
B. The Aeneid
C. Beowulf
D. The Canterbury Tales

Q6. What is known about the authorship of Beowulf?

A. It was written by Caedmon.
B. It was written by Chaucer.
C. Nothing is known about its authorship.
D. It was written by the King of the Danes.

Q7. Where is it probable that Beowulf originally grew up in the form of ballads?

A. In Normandy and France
B. In Denmark and South Sweden
C. In Rome and Greece
D. In Ireland and Scotland

Q8. Around what century was Beowulf likely fashioned into an epic in England?

A. The fifth century
B. The eighth century
C. The tenth century
D. The fourteenth century

Q9. What is the religious nature of Beowulf as it stands today?

A. It is purely Christian with no heathen origins.
B. It is purely heathen with no Christian influence.
C. It is manifestly heathen in origin, but as it stands it is the work of a Christian writer.
D. It is an Islamic text brought by invaders.

Q10. Who was the first monster that Beowulf fought and killed?

A. A fiery dragon
B. Grendel's mother
C. The King of the Danes
D. Grendel

▶ Page 19 - English Literature Before Chaucer (Part 3)

Q1. Apart from Beowulf, who are the most important surviving examples of the oldest English poetry?

A. Chaucer and Shakespeare
B. Caedmon and Cynewulf
C. King Alfred and Bede
D. Layamon and Orm

Q2. When did the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity begin?

A. At the end of the sixth century
B. At the end of the eighth century
C. During the Norman Conquest
D. In the fifth century

Q3. What was Caedmon's occupation before receiving the gift of poetry?

A. A wandering gleeman
B. A servant attached to the monastery of Whitby
C. A wealthy landowner
D. A king's counselor

Q4. According to Bede's tale, how did Caedmon receive the power of verse?

A. Through years of rigorous study
B. By copying Latin texts
C. Suddenly as a divine gift in a vision
D. By listening to other gleemen

Q5. What did the heavenly visitor in Caedmon's vision tell him to sing about?

A. The beginning of created things
B. The fall of Rome
C. The hero Beowulf
D. The history of the English people

Q6. Which famous poet is thought to have possibly taken hints from the Genesis attributed to Caedmon?

A. William Shakespeare
B. Geoffrey Chaucer
C. John Milton
D. Alexander Pope

Q7. What was Cynewulf's lifestyle in his earlier life before his conversion?

A. A strict monk
B. A wandering gleeman and a lover of pleasure
C. A soldier in the King's army
D. A servant at Whitby

Q8. What caused Cynewulf to dedicate himself to religious themes?

A. A vision of the cross
B. A near-death experience in battle
C. A royal decree
D. An angel appearing in the stables

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a work included among Cynewulf's poems?

A. Christ
B. Elene
C. Juliana
D. The Battle of Maldon

Q10. What is the subject of Cynewulf's poem 'Elene'?

A. The Incarnation and Last Judgment
B. A tale of Christian martyrdom
C. The finding of the true cross by Helena
D. The exodus from Egypt

▶ Page 20 - English Literature Before Chaucer (Part 4)

Q1. Despite being sacred in subject, what is Anglo-Saxon poetry full of?

A. Political satire
B. Romantic love stories
C. A love of adventure and fighting
D. Detailed economic records

Q2. Which poem is mentioned as regular war poetry with a spirited translation by Tennyson?

A. Beowulf
B. The Battle of Brunanburh
C. Christ
D. Dream of the Rood

Q3. What other fondness is ingrained in the English character and is a striking feature of Anglo-Saxon poetry?

A. A fondness for the sea
B. A fondness for the mountains
C. A fondness for city life
D. A fondness for farming

Q4. Instead of modern end-rhyme, what did Anglo-Saxon verse primarily employ?

A. Haiku structure
B. Iambic pentameter
C. Blank verse
D. Beginning rhyme, or alliteration

Q5. In the normal type of Anglo-Saxon verse, how many accented syllables were typically in the first division of the line?

A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four

Q6. In which region did Anglo-Saxon poetry flourish most?

A. The south
B. The north
C. East Anglia
D. Wales

Q7. In which region did Anglo-Saxon prose develop later?

A. The south
B. The north
C. Scotland
D. Ireland

Q8. Who holds an honorable place as the first to put the vernacular to systematic use in prose?

A. Venerable Bede
B. Caedmon
C. King Alfred
D. King Stephen

Q9. The Venerable Bede wrote his Latin Ecclesiastical History at Jarrow in which kingdom?

A. Wessex
B. Mercia
C. Northumbria
D. Kent

Q10. What is considered the greatest monument of Old English prose?

A. Beowulf
B. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
C. Ecclesiastical History
D. Dream of the Rood

▶ Page 21 - English Literature Before Chaucer (Part 5)

Q1. What happened to English literature for about a hundred and fifty years after the Norman Conquest?

A. It reached its golden age
B. It almost ceased to exist
C. It became entirely French
D. It was written exclusively in Latin

Q2. In whose reign did the revival of English literature begin?

A. King William
B. King Stephen
C. King John
D. King Arthur

Q3. What historical event/document showed that the native population and invaders had been welded into a single people?

A. The Battle of Hastings
B. Magna Charta
C. The Domesday Book
D. The Crusades

Q4. What event tended to further confirm the growing unity of the English nation?

A. The loss of the French possessions of the English crown
B. The invasion of Scotland
C. The translation of the Bible
D. The discovery of the New World

Q5. Who completed the enormous poem 'Brut' around 1205?

A. Geoffrey of Monmouth
B. Wace
C. Layamon
D. Orm

Q6. What does Layamon's poem 'Brut' primarily contain?

A. The history of the Roman Empire
B. The legendary history of ancient Britain
C. Theological arguments
D. Rules for religious life

Q7. In Layamon's 'Brut,' which three streams of influence run together?

A. Celtic, French, and English
B. Roman, Greek, and Celtic
C. Norse, German, and French
D. Welsh, Irish, and Scottish

Q8. What is 'Ormulum,' written around 1215?

A. A prose treatise for anchoresses
B. A series of metrical homilies
C. A legendary history of Britain
D. A dialogue poem between birds

Q9. What was the purpose of the 'Ancren Riwle'?

A. To instruct knights in chivalry
B. To provide guidance for three ladies entering the religious life
C. To teach Latin grammar
D. To chronicle the reigns of kings

Q10. Why is 'The Owl and the Nightingale' historically interesting in its versification?

A. It perfectly uses Anglo-Saxon alliteration.
B. It is written completely in blank verse.
C. It discards alliteration and adopts French end-rhyme.
D. It is the first poem to use sonnet form.

▶ Page 22 - The Making of the English Language

Q1. Which of the following works is a versified account of scripture history and saint legends?

A. Handlyng Synne
B. Ayenbite of Inwyt
C. Cursor Mundi
D. Ormulum

Q2. What makes the period between the Conquest and Chaucer highly important?

A. The vast amount of poetry produced
B. It is more important from the linguistic point of view than literature
C. The invention of the printing press
D. The complete dominance of Latin in England

Q3. What was the final linguistic product of the three hundred years following the Norman Conquest?

A. A pure Teutonic language
B. A mixed or compound language influenced by Norman French and Anglo-Saxon
C. A completely new Romance language
D. A dialect of Old Norse

Q4. Which language long continued to be the recognized official language and language of fashion after the Conquest?

A. Latin
B. Norman French
C. Old English
D. Celtic

Q5. What event in 1362 signalized the complete triumph of the English language?

A. The publication of Chaucer's first book
B. A statute proclaiming all law court proceedings should be in English
C. The signing of Magna Charta
D. The defeat of the French army

Q6. Before 1362, what had already shown the growth of a literary public among those who 'had no French'?

A. Numerous English translations of French romances
B. The establishment of English universities
C. The printing of English bibles
D. Royal speeches delivered in English

Q7. As French was disappearing, what issue existed with the new English tongue?

A. It was forbidden by law
B. There was as yet no standard form; it was broken up into dialects
C. Only the nobility spoke it
D. It had no alphabet

Q8. Which of the following was NOT one of the fundamental English dialects mentioned?

A. Northern English
B. Midland English
C. Southern English
D. Western English

Q9. Which English dialect tended to gain ascendancy due to the capital and the two centers of learning?

A. Northern English
B. East Midland English
C. Southern English
D. West Midland English

Q10. Who is considered the first of our really national English poets?

A. Layamon
B. Orm
C. Geoffrey Chaucer
D. William the Conqueror

▶ Page 23 - Table of English Literature Before Chaucer

Q1. When were the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles settling in Britain?

A. 449-547
B. 1066-1154
C. 1340-1400
D. 597-635

Q2. According to the table, when was Christianity introduced into Kent by St. Augustine?

A. 449
B. 597
C. 871
D. 1066

Q3. When did the Norman Conquest take place?

A. 871
B. 1066
C. 1215
D. 1340

Q4. In what century were Alfred's translations produced?

A. 8th century
B. 9th century
C. 10th century
D. 11th century

Q5. Which work from the English Revival is dated around 1205?

A. Orm's Ormulum
B. Layamon's Brut
C. The Ancren Riwle
D. Cursor Mundi

Q6. Who was King of England during the start of the English Revival (1199-1216)?

A. Alfred
B. Edward III
C. John
D. Richard II

Q7. What was the approximate birth year of Chaucer according to the table?

A. 1220
B. 1303
C. 1340
D. 1400

Q8. During whose reign (1337-1377) did works like Ayenbite of Inwyt appear?

A. John
B. Edward III
C. Richard II
D. Henry IV

Q9. In what decade was Cursor Mundi written?

A. 1205-1215
B. 1220-1225
C. 1303-1310
D. 1320-1325

Q10. When was Beowulf fashioned into an epic, according to the table?

A. 6th century
B. 8th century
C. 10th century
D. 12th century

▶ Page 24 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 1)

Q1. During the reigns of which English kings did Chaucer live?

A. John, Henry III, Edward I
B. Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV
C. Henry V, Henry VI, Edward IV
D. Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI

Q2. What does Edward's reign mark the highest development of in England?

A. Industrial civilization
B. Medieval civilization
C. The Renaissance
D. Neoclassical civilization

Q3. The spirit of Edward's court was characterized by romantic idealism, seen in which Chaucer tale?

A. The Miller's Tale
B. The Pardoner's Tale
C. The Knight's Tale
D. The Wife of Bath's Tale

Q4. Which famous chronicler wrote about the victories of Crecy and Poictiers?

A. Chaucer
B. Wyclif
C. Froissart
D. Layamon

Q5. Despite the gay life of the king and nobility, what was the condition of the masses?

A. They were incredibly wealthy
B. They enjoyed a golden age of education
C. They were sunk in a condition of deplorable misery
D. They held all political power

Q6. What awful epidemic swept away more than a third of the population in 1348-9?

A. The Spanish Flu
B. The Black Death
C. The Great Plague of London
D. Smallpox

Q7. In what years did the Black Death reappear after 1348-9?

A. 1350, 1355, 1360
B. 1362, 1367, 1370
C. 1380, 1385, 1390
D. 1400, 1405, 1410

Q8. How did new tyrannous laws passed to regulate labor affect the situation?

A. They completely solved the poverty crisis
B. They only made bad matters worse
C. They enriched the peasants
D. They ended the French wars

Q9. What effect did the successive wars with France have on the English mood initially?

A. They caused immediate rebellion
B. They gave a buoyant courage and stimulus to national ambition
C. They made everyone want to learn French
D. They caused a mass exodus from England

Q10. How did the Chronicles of Froissart read?

A. Like a dry legal document
B. Like a brilliant novel rather than sober history
C. Like a religious text
D. Like a scientific manual

▶ Page 25 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 2)

Q1. What was the immediate cause of the general rising of the common folk under Wat Tyler?

A. The desire for a new king
B. Heavy taxation burdens from the French wars
C. The introduction of the printing press
D. A dispute over the Bible's translation

Q2. What was the temper of England in Chaucer's closing years compared to his birth?

A. Much happier and prosperous
B. Very different; much glamour had gone and men saw stern realities
C. Exactly the same
D. Completely French in culture

Q3. What greatly contributed to the increasing evils of Chaucer's age regarding religion?

A. The closure of all churches
B. The corruption of the Church
C. A ban on Christianity
D. The Crusades

Q4. How does Chaucer's writing show he was alive to the shocking state of the religious world?

A. By writing theological treatises
B. By drawing portraits of the fat monk, wanton friar, and greedy pardoner
C. By openly calling for the Pope's removal
D. By refusing to write about religious figures

Q5. Who is referred to as 'the morning star of the Reformation'?

A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. John Wyclif
C. John Ball
D. Jack Straw

Q6. What great task did John Wyclif dedicate his life to?

A. Expanding the English empire
B. Reviving spiritual Christianity in England
C. Translating French romances
D. Building new monasteries

Q7. What did Wyclif produce with the help of his disciples?

A. A complete English version of the Bible
B. A new legal code for England
C. The first printing press in London
D. An English dictionary

Q8. Wyclif's translation was the first translation of the scriptures into what?

A. Latin
B. Greek
C. Any modern vernacular tongue
D. Norman French

Q9. What two forces were chief active forces in the England of the later fourteenth century?

A. Industrialization and urbanization
B. Social unrest and a new religious movement
C. Scientific discovery and exploration
D. Celtic revival and Roman law

Q10. What were Wyclif's itinerant preachers known as?

A. The holy friars
B. The wealthy prelates
C. His 'poor priests'
D. The pardoners

▶ Page 26 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 3)

Q1. What third influence did much to change the current of intellectual interests in Chaucer's age?

A. The Industrial Revolution
B. The new learning (Humanism)
C. The discovery of America
D. The Norman Conquest

Q2. Up to this point, scholarship had largely been the concern of whom?

A. The commercial classes
B. The King and his court
C. The Church
D. The peasants

Q3. Where had the spirit of the new learning arisen?

A. In France
B. In Germany
C. In Italy
D. In Spain

Q4. What was the new learning chiefly derived from?

A. The study of modern science
B. A renewed study of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome)
C. The invention of the printing press
D. Contact with the New World

Q5. Who were the two celebrated Italian writers that led this great revival?

A. Dante and Machiavelli
B. Petrarch and Boccaccio
C. Galileo and Da Vinci
D. Cicero and Virgil

Q6. What was the new culture of classical revival called?

A. Scholasticism
B. Humanism
C. Puritanism
D. Romanticism

Q7. In England, when were the promises of the fourteenth century's intellectual activity finally fulfilled?

A. In the fifteenth century
B. In the sixteenth century
C. They were never fulfilled
D. During Chaucer's lifetime

Q8. When and where was Geoffrey Chaucer born?

A. About 1340 in London
B. About 1300 in Paris
C. About 1362 in Oxford
D. About 1320 in Yorkshire

Q9. What was Chaucer's father's profession?

A. A parish priest
B. A merchant vintner
C. A knight
D. A wandering gleeman

Q10. What happened to Chaucer in 1359 while with the English army in France?

A. He was killed in battle
B. He was taken prisoner but soon ransomed
C. He became a general
D. He deserted the army

▶ Page 27 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 4)

Q1. Chaucer was brought into direct touch with Italian culture during the days of what?

A. The late Renaissance
B. The early Renaissance
C. The Industrial Revolution
D. The Protestant Reformation

Q2. Which two Italian writers might Chaucer have met?

A. Dante and Machiavelli
B. Petrarch and Boccaccio
C. Galileo and Leonardo da Vinci
D. Michelangelo and Raphael

Q3. Who was Chaucer's special patron whose banishment led to Chaucer falling on evil days?

A. King Richard II
B. John of Gaunt
C. The Duke of Clarence
D. Wat Tyler

Q4. Which king's accession placed Chaucer beyond want by granting him a royal pension?

A. Edward III
B. Richard II
C. Henry IV
D. Henry V

Q5. Where was Chaucer buried?

A. St. Paul's Cathedral
B. A part of Westminster Abbey later known as the Poets' Corner
C. The Tower of London
D. Canterbury Cathedral

Q6. Chaucer's education as a poet is described as being two-fold. What were the two parts?

A. From poetry and from prose
B. From religion and from science
C. From literature and from life
D. From England and from France

Q7. How does Chaucer describe his study habits in 'The House of Fame'?

A. Poring over books till he was completely dazed
B. Never reading, only observing
C. Paying others to read for him
D. Only reading during the day

Q8. Like Shakespeare and Milton, Chaucer was not just a bookman, he was what?

A. A visionary
B. A religious reformer
C. A man of the world and of affairs
D. A successful farmer

Q9. What three periods is Chaucer's literary career conveniently divided into?

A. English, Spanish, and German
B. French, Italian, and English
C. Latin, Greek, and English
D. Welsh, Irish, and Scottish

Q10. What formed the favorite reading of cultivated society during Chaucer's youth?

A. English histories
B. Latin theological treatises
C. French poetry and romance
D. Italian sonnets

▶ Page 28 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 5)

Q1. Which of the following is an early work of Chaucer done on French models?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. The Boke of the Duchesse
C. Troylus and Cryseyde
D. The House of Fame

Q2. During his second period (1370-84), Chaucer's work was influenced by masters from which country?

A. France
B. Italy
C. Germany
D. Spain

Q3. Chaucer's 'The House of Fame' clearly owes much to which Italian master?

A. Boccaccio
B. Petrarch
C. Dante
D. Machiavelli

Q4. What is the title of Chaucer's longest single poem?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. Troylus and Cryseyde
C. Legende of Good Women
D. Roman de la Rose

Q5. In his third period, what does it mean that Chaucer becomes 'English'?

A. He writes exclusively about English history
B. He refuses to read foreign literature
C. Instead of being merely imitative, he becomes independent
D. He creates a new English alphabet

Q6. Which work is considered Chaucer's most famous and characteristic work from his final period?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. The Boke of the Duchesse
C. The House of Fame
D. Troylus and Cryseyde

Q7. What is the structure of The Canterbury Tales?

A. A single long epic poem about a war
B. A collection of stories fitted into a general framework
C. A series of unconnected sonnets
D. A strictly historical account of kings

Q8. Where do the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales meet?

A. The Tabard Inn in Southwark
B. Westminster Abbey
C. The Tower of London
D. Windsor Castle

Q9. Where are the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales bound?

A. Rome
B. Jerusalem
C. The shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury
D. The royal palace in London

Q10. Who was the host of the Tabard Inn?

A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. John of Gaunt
C. Harry Bailly
D. St. Thomas a Becket

▶ Page 29 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 6)

Q1. What is the proposal made by Harry Bailly to the pilgrims?

A. That they race to Canterbury
B. That each member shall tell two tales on the way and two on the way back
C. That they must all pray in silence
D. That they take turns driving the horses

Q2. What is the prize for the pilgrim who tells the best tale?

A. A free pardon from the Pope
B. A gold coin
C. A supper on their return to the Tabard Inn
D. The title of Knight

Q3. In which section of the work is this plan explained?

A. The Epilogue
B. The Prologue
C. The Knight's Tale
D. The Miller's Tale

Q4. Which of the following professions represents the military class in the prologue?

A. A prioress, a monk, a friar
B. A knight, a squire, and a yeoman
C. A lawyer and a physician
D. A franklin and a merchant

Q5. Which character is described as a well-to-do west-country cloth-maker named Alison?

A. The Prioress
B. The Nun
C. The Wife of Bath
D. The Tapestry Maker

Q6. Broadly speaking, what social class is the company of pilgrims limited to?

A. The royal family
B. The middle classes
C. The peasantry
D. The criminal class

Q7. How are the characters in the Prologue described regarding their quality?

A. They are completely unbelievable
B. They are not individualized at all
C. They are individualized yet have a thoroughly typical quality
D. They are all based on Greek gods

Q8. How many tales was each pilgrim supposed to tell in total according to the original plan?

A. One
B. Two
C. Four
D. Ten

Q9. How many tales did Chaucer actually complete?

A. Over a hundred
B. The entire planned amount
C. Merely a fragment of twenty-four tales
D. Only one tale

Q10. Why do the completed tales differ so widely in character from one another?

A. Because Chaucer forgot his original style
B. Because he was guided by a sense of dramatic propriety based on the teller
C. Because different authors wrote them
D. Because they were written centuries apart

▶ Page 30 - The Age of Chaucer (Part 7)

Q1. Which characters tell coarse farcical stories?

A. The Knight and the Clerk
B. The Miller and the Reeve
C. The Prioress and the Nun
D. The Lawyer and the Physician

Q2. In The Canterbury Tales, how many of the tales are original in their theme?

A. All of them
B. About half of them
C. In no case are the tales original in theme
D. Only the Knight's Tale

Q3. From what sources does Chaucer take his raw material for the tales?

A. Only English folk stories
B. Exclusively from the Bible
C. All sorts of literature: Latin, French, and Italian
D. Only from personal experiences

Q4. What is considered Chaucer's finest work as a narrative poet?

A. The Miller's Tale
B. The Knight's Tale
C. The Clerk's Tale
D. The Wife of Bath's Tale

Q5. Upon whose work is the Knight's Tale based?

A. Dante
B. Petrarch
C. Boccaccio (the Teseide)
D. Virgil

Q6. Who are the two young cousins of royal blood in the Knight's Tale?

A. Romeo and Mercutio
B. Palamon and Arcite
C. Theseus and Creon
D. Lancelot and Gawain

Q7. Who do the two cousins see walking in the garden that causes them to become rivals in love?

A. Helena
B. Juliet
C. Emily
D. Guinevere

Q8. How does Duke Theseus decide to settle the dispute between the two cousins over Emily?

A. By exiling them both
B. By drawing lots
C. By executing them both
D. By a great tournament where each collects a hundred knights

Q9. Who wins the hand of Emily at the end of the story?

A. Arcite
B. Palamon
C. Theseus
D. Neither, she refuses both

Q10. Nominally, the Knight's Tale is a story of the heroic age of Greece, but what is its actual atmosphere?

A. A realistic depiction of ancient Athens
B. An accurate historical record of Rome
C. An idealized picture of the fast-vanishing middle ages, steeped in chivalry
D. A futuristic science fiction setting

▶ Page 31 - The Age of Chaucer (Conclusion)

Q1. Was Chaucer considered a poet of the people?

A. Yes, he wrote entirely for the lower classes
B. No, he was a court poet who wrote for cultured readers
C. Yes, his poetry was sung by peasants
D. He wrote equally for all classes

Q2. What did Chaucer's audience want to be amused or touched by?

A. Political manifestos
B. Comedy, pathos, or romantic sentiment
C. Scientific discoveries
D. Religious sermons only

Q3. What kind of topics did Chaucer's audience NOT wish to be disturbed by?

A. Humorous anecdotes
B. Romantic poetry
C. Painful reminders of plagues, famines, and popular discontent
D. Tales of knightly ethics

Q4. What is significant about Chaucer's mention of the Peasants' Revolt?

A. He wrote a tragic epic about it
B. It is only mentioned as a humorous reference in the Nonnes Priestes Tale
C. He supported the revolt openly in his Prologue
D. He completely ignored it and never referenced it

Q5. How do we know Chaucer was aware of the religious corruptions of his time?

A. Through his satiric portraits of churchmen and his study of the poor parson
B. Because he was excommunicated
C. Because he led a rebellion against the Pope
D. He was a wealthy prelate himself

Q6. With whose ideas does Chaucer's sympathetic portrayal of the poor parson align?

A. The Pope's
B. John Wyclif's
C. King Richard's
D. Jack Straw's

Q7. How is Chaucer's general nature described in relation to social reform?

A. He was a fiery revolutionary
B. He was an easy-going, genial, tolerant nature with nothing of the reformer in him
C. He was deeply miserable and pessimistic
D. He was purely a religious zealot

Q8. What is the characteristic tone of Chaucer's poetry?

A. Deep moral outrage
B. Frank pleasure in the good things of life
C. Endless sorrow and tragedy
D. Strict academic instruction

Q9. Which intellectual influence did Chaucer respond readily to?

A. French scholasticism
B. Italian humanism
C. German theology
D. Greek philosophy

Q10. Through Chaucer, what kind of spirit first expresses itself in English poetry?

A. The strict dogmatic spirit of the church
B. The revolutionary spirit of the peasants
C. The free secular spirit of Italian humanism
D. The military spirit of the crusades

▶ Page 32 - Other Poets of Chaucer's Age (Part 1)

Q1. If Wyclif was 'the morning star of the Reformation', what may Chaucer be called?

A. The morning star of the Renaissance
B. The father of English drama
C. The creator of the English novel
D. The last of the medieval bards

Q2. What is described as a specially charming feature of Chaucer's poetry?

A. Its complex theological arguments
B. Its fresh out-of-doors atmosphere and love of nature
C. Its detailed maps of the medieval world
D. Its focus on inner psychological turmoil

Q3. What kind of metre did Chaucer adopt, abandoning the Old English irregular lines and alliteration?

A. Free verse
B. Haiku
C. The French method of regular metre and end-rhymes
D. Blank verse without rhyme

Q4. Who was Chaucer's chief rival in poetry?

A. William Shakespeare
B. John Gower
C. John Wyclif
D. William Langland

Q5. How does Chaucer refer to John Gower in his dedication of Troylus and Cryseyde?

A. The 'moral Gower'
B. The 'merry Gower'
C. The 'tragic Gower'
D. The 'genius Gower'

Q6. How is Gower's writing style characterized in comparison to Chaucer's?

A. Much more vivacious and charming
B. Extremely voluminous, learned, careful, but mostly hopelessly dull
C. Only written in short, lyric poems
D. Highly comedic and lighthearted

Q7. What was Gower's attitude regarding the best medium (language) for his poetry?

A. He immediately chose English like Chaucer
B. He wrote exclusively in Latin
C. He found it hard to make up his mind, writing three long poems in three different languages
D. He invented a new language

Q8. Which of Gower's poems was written in English, challenging comparison with Chaucer?

A. Speculum Meditantis
B. Vox Clamantis
C. Confessio Amantis
D. Handlyng Synne

Q9. What is the main subject matter of Gower's 'Confessio Amantis'?

A. The history of the English kings
B. Tales introduced to illustrate the evils wrought by the seven deadly sins
C. A detailed account of Wat Tyler's rebellion
D. A translation of the Bible

Q10. What was Gower's view of the social conditions of the time?

A. He thought they were perfectly fine
B. He took a very gloomy view, often criticizing the clergy
C. He was a radical revolutionary
D. He only cared about romantic love

▶ Page 33 - Other Poets of Chaucer's Age (Part 2)

Q1. Where did Gower stand politically, despite his criticisms?

A. He was a radical revolutionary like Wat Tyler
B. He was a follower of Wyclif and the Lollards
C. He was a strong conservative
D. He was a French sympathizer

Q2. Who is the third writer of this age, described as essentially a poet of the people?

A. John Gower
B. John Barbour
C. William Langland
D. Harry Bailly

Q3. What kind of life did William Langland seemingly live?

A. A life of wealth and courtly favor
B. A life as a powerful church prelate
C. A life of poverty and struggle
D. A life as a successful merchant

Q4. What is the title of William Langland's enormous allegorical poem?

A. The Brus
B. The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman
C. Confessio Amantis
D. Vox Clamantis

Q5. How is Langland's 'Vision' described in terms of literary art?

A. A perfect masterpiece of structure
B. Rambling, confused, and almost formless
C. A concise, perfectly rhymed sonnet sequence
D. A highly polished courtly romance

Q6. What does Langland boldly attack in his poem under the device of a dream?

A. The French monarchy
B. The use of the English language
C. Social and ecclesiastical abuses, greed of the clergy, and tyranny of the high
D. Chaucer's poetry style

Q7. How is Langland's spirit described?

A. Aristocratic and conservative
B. Genial, tolerant, and easy-going
C. Strikingly puritan and democratic
D. Apathetic to social issues

Q8. How does the language and style of Langland's work compare to Chaucer's?

A. It is exactly the same
B. It is far more rustic and old-fashioned
C. It is much more modern and French-influenced
D. It is written completely in Latin

Q9. What poetic principle does Langland's poem adhere to, making it the last important poem written this way?

A. French end-rhyme
B. Iambic pentameter
C. The Anglo-Saxon principle of alliteration
D. Blank verse

Q10. Who is considered the real father of Scottish poetry and wrote 'The Brus'?

A. John Gower
B. William Langland
C. Robert Bruce
D. John Barbour

▶ Page 34 - Prose of Chaucer's Age

Q1. How are Chaucer's own few prose writings described in importance?

A. They are his greatest achievements
B. They are not important
C. They revolutionized science
D. They are still used as textbooks today

Q2. What did Wyclif's controversial pamphlets help to show regarding the vernacular?

A. That English was useless for theology
B. The capabilities of English at a time when Latin was deemed the only fitting vehicle for theology
C. That French should be used in church
D. That nobody could read English

Q3. What is considered the great prose work of this period?

A. The Travels of Sir John Maundeville
B. A Treatise on the Astrolabe
C. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
D. The Vision of Piers Plowman

Q4. What does 'The Travels of Sir John Maundeville' purport to give an account of?

A. A journey across the Atlantic Ocean
B. Wanderings in the Holy Land and the far east
C. A political tour of France
D. A scientific expedition to the North Pole

Q5. What is now established regarding the alleged author, Sir John Maundeville?

A. He was a great explorer
B. He was actually the King in disguise
C. No such person ever existed
D. He was a close friend of Chaucer

Q6. From what language is 'The Travels of Sir John Maundeville' actually a translation?

A. Latin
B. French (from a certain Jean de Bourgogne)
C. Italian
D. Greek

Q7. Instead of a genuine record of travel, what is 'The Travels of Sir John Maundeville' really?

A. A compilation of fabulous stories out of Pliny, Marco Polo, and others
B. A completely original fantasy novel
C. A strict geographical textbook
D. A political allegory

Q8. Which of the following is an example of the marvelous things described in Maundeville's book?

A. The invention of the steam engine
B. A weeping crocodile and rocks of adamant that drew nails out of ships
C. Accurate maps of the Americas
D. The exact height of Mount Everest

Q9. Despite being a translation and a fabrication, what place does 'The Travels of Sir John Maundeville' keep?

A. It is the best-selling book of all time
B. It is the first English prose classic
C. It is the only book from the 14th century to survive
D. It is used as a modern travel guide

Q10. According to the table, in what year did the Hundred Years' War with France begin?

A. 1327
B. 1338
C. 1346
D. 1348

▶ Page 35 - Table of the Age of Chaucer

Q1. According to the table, when was the Battle of Crecy fought?

A. 1338
B. 1346
C. 1356
D. 1381

Q2. During what years did the Black Death occur according to the table?

A. 1327-1330
B. 1348-1349
C. 1380-1381
D. 1399-1400

Q3. When was the Battle of Poictiers fought?

A. 1346
B. 1356
C. 1381
D. 1399

Q4. When was the Boke of the Duchesse written?

A. 1360
B. 1369
C. 1383
D. 1393

Q5. Over what span of years did Langland write his 'Vision'?

A. 1340-1360
B. 1362-1390
C. 1380-1400
D. 1390-1410

Q6. When did Wat Tyler's Rebellion take place?

A. 1348
B. 1381
C. 1399
D. 1400

Q7. In what year did the official condemnation of Wyclif's opinions occur?

A. 1380
B. 1382
C. 1399
D. 1408

Q8. From what year onward did Chaucer begin working on the Canterbury Tales?

A. 1369
B. 1380
C. 1385 onward
D. 1399 onward

Q9. In what year did Henry IV ascend the throne?

A. 1377
B. 1381
C. 1399
D. 1400

Q10. In what year did both Chaucer and Langland die?

A. 1381
B. 1399
C. 1400
D. 1408

▶ Page 36 - From Chaucer to Tottel's Miscellany (Part 1)

Q1. What period follows the brilliant beginning made by Chaucer in English literature?

A. An immediate golden age
B. A long barren period in its history (the 15th century)
C. The Romantic era
D. The Victorian age

Q2. The lack of great books for a hundred years after Chaucer might simply be due to what?

A. A ban on printing presses
B. A dearth of literary talent
C. All writers moving to France
D. The complete loss of the English language

Q3. Was the fifteenth century in England considered an age of great men in any field of activity?

A. Yes, it was the greatest century for English leaders
B. No, it is noteworthy that it was not an age of great men in any field
C. Yes, but only in military strategy
D. Yes, but only in religious leadership

Q4. Even when talent exists, what does it depend upon for its expression?

A. Favourable conditions
B. Pure luck
C. Royal blood
D. A university degree

Q5. What happened to efforts toward religious reform after Wyclif?

A. They were immediately successful
B. They were supported by the Pope
C. Religion degenerated, and persecution was used to stamp out reform efforts
D. The entire country became Protestant overnight

Q6. How did religious persecution affect intellectual life?

A. It encouraged open debate
B. It checked the free movement of thought
C. It caused an explosion of philosophical writing
D. It had no effect on intellectuals

Q7. The country was distracted by political conflicts culminating in what struggle?

A. The Hundred Years' War
B. The thirty years' struggle for power between the Houses of York and Lancaster
C. The Crusades
D. The English Civil War

Q8. What is another name for the struggle between the Houses of York and Lancaster?

A. The War of the Worlds
B. The Wars of the Roses
C. The Peasant's Revolt
D. The Great War

Q9. What happened to the old order of feudalism during the Wars of the Roses?

A. It was greatly strengthened
B. It was severely shaken at its foundations as many nobles were killed
C. It was exported to France
D. It was formally established as law

Q10. What other factor is mentioned as contributing to the unproductiveness of the 15th century?

A. The low state of education
B. Too much wealth among the peasantry
C. An obsession with sports
D. Overpopulation

▶ Page 37 - Poetry of the Fifteenth Century (Part 1)

Q1. How was mental activity in the universities largely wasted during the fifteenth century?

A. By engaging in wars
B. In endless and profitless controversies over the dry abstractions of medieval philosophy
C. By banning all books
D. Through studying classical Greek

Q2. Outside the universities, what kind of spirit prevailed among the fast-rising middle classes?

A. A deeply religious and spiritual one
B. A mercenary and sordid spirit hostile to intellectual interests
C. A highly artistic and creative spirit
D. A revolutionary and radical spirit

Q3. How is the greater part of fifteenth century English verse described?

A. As highly original and innovative
B. As purely imitative, attempting to reproduce Chaucer's matter and style
C. As focused solely on religious themes
D. As being written completely in Latin

Q4. 'The Flower and the Leaf' is a beautiful poem from this era. Who was it long ascribed to before being attributed to an anonymous writer?

A. John Gower
B. William Langland
C. Geoffrey Chaucer
D. William Shakespeare

Q5. Who were two of the best known 'Chaucerians' (imitators of Chaucer)?

A. Dante and Boccaccio
B. Thomas Occleve (Hoccleve) and John Lydgate
C. Layamon and Orm
D. Wat Tyler and Jack Straw

Q6. What long poem did Hoccleve write in Chaucer's seven-line stanza?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. The Governail of Princes
C. The Falles of Princes
D. The Boke of the Duchesse

Q7. What does Hoccleve describe in the prologue of 'The Governail of Princes'?

A. His travels to Italy
B. His grief on Chaucer's death and his master's praises
C. The history of the Norman Conquest
D. A detailed account of his military career

Q8. John Lydgate was a learned monk of which order and location?

A. Dominican friar in London
B. Benedictine monk of Bury St. Edmunds
C. Franciscan friar in Oxford
D. Augustinian canon in Cambridge

Q9. Which of the following is one of John Lydgate's longer productions?

A. The Storie of Thebes
B. The Vision of Piers Plowman
C. Handlyng Synne
D. Cursor Mundi

Q10. Where was the best poetry of the fifteenth century written?

A. In Wales
B. In southern England
C. In Scotland
D. In Ireland

▶ Page 38 - Poetry of the Fifteenth Century (Part 2)

Q1. What is the title of the long poem written by James I of Scotland?

A. The Thistle and the Rose
B. The King's Quair
C. Palice of Honour
D. Testament of Cresseid

Q2. Chaucer's seven-line stanza used by James I is often called what?

A. The 'rhyme royal'
B. The 'Spenserian stanza'
C. The 'heroic couplet'
D. Blank verse

Q3. Who is considered the greatest British poet between Chaucer and Spenser?

A. John Lydgate
B. Thomas Hoccleve
C. William Dunbar
D. Robert Henryson

Q4. What event did William Dunbar's poem 'The Thistle and the Rose' commemorate?

A. The end of the Wars of the Roses
B. The marriage of James IV of Scotland and Margaret (daughter of Henry VII)
C. The signing of the Magna Charta
D. The publication of the first printed book

Q5. Which Scottish poet produced 'Testament of Cresseid' following the Chaucerian model?

A. William Dunbar
B. James I
C. Robert Henryson
D. Gawain Douglas

Q6. Gawain Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, wrote original prologues for his translation of what classic work?

A. The Iliad
B. The Odyssey
C. The Aeneid
D. Metamorphoses

Q7. How did the Scottish poets differ from the English disciples in their treatment of nature?

A. They ignored nature entirely
B. They painted real Scotch scenery directly from reality instead of just using literary convention
C. They only wrote about nature in winter
D. They viewed nature as evil

Q8. Three of Douglas's prologues deal with the country in which three seasons?

A. Spring, summer, and autumn
B. Spring, autumn, and winter
C. Summer, autumn, and winter
D. Spring, summer, and winter

Q9. What kind of minor verse became increasingly popular in the century after Chaucer's death?

A. Epic poetry
B. Sonnets
C. Ballad literature (like Robin Hood cycle)
D. Blank verse plays

Q10. How did ballads like 'The Battle of Otterburn' impact the English people?

A. They caused political rebellions
B. They fostered a love of poetry among the people
C. They replaced all religious texts
D. They were banned by the king

▶ Page 39 - Prose of the Fifteenth Century (Part 1)

Q1. During the 15th century, what type of literature was showing more promising work than verse?

A. Drama
B. Prose
C. Sonnets
D. Elegies

Q2. What bold break with tradition did Reginald Pecock make in his writing?

A. He wrote exclusively in French
B. He set out his religious arguments in English instead of Latin
C. He rejected Christianity completely
D. He wrote his sermons as epic poems

Q3. Which of the following is a prose landmark written by Reginald Pecock?

A. The Vision of Piers Plowman
B. Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy
C. The King's Quair
D. Brut

Q4. Sir John Fortescue is known for writing a political treatise about the difference between what?

A. The rich and the poor
B. An Absolute and a Limited Monarchy
C. Church and State
D. England and France

Q5. What is considered the one really great book (and prose production) of the 15th century?

A. Morte d'Arthur
B. The Canterbury Tales
C. The Fairie Queene
D. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Q6. Who authored the Morte d'Arthur?

A. William Caxton
B. Sir Thomas Malory
C. Reginald Pecock
D. Sir John Fortescue

Q7. According to Caxton's statement, in what year did the author complete Morte d'Arthur?

A. 1340
B. 1400
C. 1470
D. 1500

Q8. From what sources did Malory compile his work, Morte d'Arthur?

A. A number of French romances dealing with King Arthur and his knights
B. Purely original English folklore
C. Ancient Roman histories
D. Greek mythology

Q9. What was Malory's main object in compiling Morte d'Arthur?

A. To invent a completely new fictional world
B. To digest the scattered stories of King Arthur into a connected summary
C. To translate it into Latin for the Church
D. To satirize the knights of the Round Table

Q10. How did Malory treat his source materials?

A. He copied them exactly word-for-word
B. He rejected all French influence
C. With a very free hand (selecting, adapting, rearranging)
D. He only used materials approved by the King

▶ Page 40 - Prose of the Fifteenth Century (Part 2)

Q1. Why did Malory look back with sentimental regret while writing his book?

A. Because he missed his childhood
B. Because the medieval spirit was dying and the old feudal order was becoming a thing of the past
C. Because he wanted to be king
D. Because he was exiled in France

Q2. According to Caxton, what ideals of the ancient system of knighthood is Malory's book full of?

A. Treachery and political cunning
B. Prowess, hardiness, humanity, love, courtesy, and very gentleness
C. Financial greed and trade
D. Scientific discovery and logic

Q3. Why does Morte d'Arthur hold a high place in literary history aside from its intrinsic interest?

A. Because it was the first book ever printed
B. It has been a well-spring of inspiration to many modern poets like Tennyson
C. Because it caused a revolution in England
D. Because it was written in perfect modern English

Q4. Which of Tennyson's works is largely based upon Morte d'Arthur?

A. The Princess
B. In Memoriam
C. Idylls of the King
D. Ulysses

Q5. How is Malory's style described in terms of grammar and sentence structure?

A. Academically perfect
B. Artless, with little attention to grammar and often faulty sentence structure
C. Heavily reliant on Latin syntax
D. Written entirely in rhyming couplets

Q6. Where did the Italian revival of learning originate?

A. In 12th century Rome
B. With Petrarch and Boccaccio in the fourteenth century
C. With Lorenzo the Magnificent in the sixteenth century
D. In 15th century Venice

Q7. Who were two of the munificent patrons of scholarship and the arts during the great age of Italian humanism?

A. King Edward IV and Richard III
B. Cosimo de' Medici and Lorenzo the Magnificent
C. Dante and Virgil
D. Pope Urban II and Pope Leo X

Q8. What happened to monastic libraries during the 15th century revival of learning?

A. They were burned to the ground
B. They were ransacked to bring long-forgotten treasures of Greek and Latin literature to light
C. They were completely ignored by scholars
D. They were converted into modern universities

Q9. What boundless enthusiasm swept through the educated community during this time?

A. An enthusiasm for modern science
B. An enthusiasm for classic studies
C. An enthusiasm for exploring the New World
D. An enthusiasm for Gothic architecture

Q10. What purpose does the 15th century serve in English literature?

A. A period of unparalleled production
B. A period of preparation for the great intellectual awakening of the 16th century
C. A period of pure romanticism
D. The absolute end of poetry

▶ Page 41 - The Revival of Learning

Q1. How did the revival of learning emancipate thought from medieval theology?

A. By burning all theological books
B. By restoring the generous spirit and ideals of pagan antiquity
C. By enforcing strict new religious laws
D. By moving the Pope to England

Q2. The Renaissance is rightly regarded as a chief force in the making of what?

A. The feudal system
B. The Roman Empire
C. Modern European literatures
D. The English Monarchy

Q3. How did young Englishmen of rank bring Italian humanism back to English soil?

A. By conquering Italian cities
B. They considered a visit to Italy a necessary part of their education in the arts of life
C. By kidnapping Italian scholars
D. By purchasing all Italian artwork

Q4. What agency did more than any other to break down old intellectual boundaries by multiplying books?

A. The monastic scribes
B. The introduction of printing
C. The royal postal service
D. The opening of public libraries

Q5. Who became the first English printer?

A. William Tyndale
B. Miles Coverdale
C. William Caxton
D. Sir Thomas More

Q6. In what year did William Caxton set up his press at Westminster?

A. 1400
B. 1450
C. 1476
D. 1500

Q7. The literature of the early Tudor period is historically significant as the prelude to what?

A. The Dark Ages
B. The splendid outburst of creative energy that gave glory to the age of Elizabeth
C. The Romantic Period
D. The Victorian Era

Q8. Who published an English New Testament in 1525?

A. Miles Coverdale
B. William Tyndale
C. Sir Thomas More
D. Thomas Cromwell

Q9. Who published the complete English Bible in 1535?

A. William Tyndale
B. Miles Coverdale
C. Thomas Cromwell
D. Sir Thomas Malory

Q10. What is one of the most thoroughly typical works of the early Renaissance time, written by Sir Thomas More?

A. Morte d'Arthur
B. Utopia
C. Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy
D. The Canterbury Tales

▶ Page 42 - Literature of the Early Renaissance in England

Q1. Which classical work heavily influenced the description of an ideal state in More's Utopia?

A. Aristotle's Poetics
B. Plato's Republic
C. Homer's Odyssey
D. Ovid's Metamorphoses

Q2. In what year did Ralph Robinson translate More's Utopia into English?

A. 1516
B. 1525
C. 1551
D. 1568

Q3. Who is considered one of the earliest masters of original English prose, writing Toxophilus?

A. Sir Thomas More
B. Roger Ascham
C. William Tyndale
D. Miles Coverdale

Q4. What is the subject of Ascham's Toxophilus?

A. A utopian society
B. The Schole of Shooting
C. A religious argument
D. The history of the printing press

Q5. Which poet evolved a coarse, vigorous style for satiric attacks on Cardinal Wolsey?

A. Stephen Hawes
B. John Skelton
C. Sir Thomas Wyatt
D. Henry Howard

Q6. At whose thoroughly Italianised court did the new movement in poetry really begin?

A. Henry VII
B. Henry VIII
C. Edward VI
D. Queen Mary

Q7. Which two poets are conspicuously associated with the new movement in poetry?

A. Chaucer and Gower
B. Lydgate and Hoccleve
C. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
D. Ascham and More

Q8. What specific poetic form did Wyatt and Surrey bring from Italy?

A. The Ballad
B. The Sonnet
C. The Limerick
D. The Epic

Q9. Surrey was the first English poet to use which verse form (in his translation of the Aeneid)?

A. Blank verse
B. Rhyme royal
C. Free verse
D. Heroic couplet

Q10. In what famous collection (published in 1557) are Wyatt and Surrey the chief poets represented?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. Lyrical Ballads
C. Tottel's Miscellany
D. The Book of the Duchess

▶ Page 43 - Table of English Literature (1400-1557)

Q1. What topic does the author state has been omitted so far and will be covered in the next chapter?

A. The development of the novel
B. The development of the drama
C. The history of scientific writing
D. The evolution of English dictionaries

Q2. According to the table, when did Henry IV die?

A. 1413
B. 1422
C. 1450
D. 1485

Q3. In what year was Lydgate's 'Falles of Princes' written?

A. 1412
B. 1422
C. 1430
D. 1449

Q4. When did the Wars of the Roses occur according to the table?

A. 1413-1422
B. 1430-1449
C. 1455-1486
D. 1485-1509

Q5. When was Caxton's printing press set up?

A. 1450
B. 1476
C. 1485
D. 1500

Q6. When was the Battle of Bosworth fought?

A. 1455
B. 1470
C. 1485
D. 1509

Q7. What are the dates of Henry VIII's reign?

A. 1485-1509
B. 1509-1547
C. 1547-1553
D. 1553-1558

Q8. When did Tyndale publish his New Testament?

A. 1516
B. 1525
C. 1535
D. 1551

Q9. Who reigned from 1547-1553?

A. Henry VII
B. Henry VIII
C. Edward VI
D. Mary

Q10. What is the final entry on the timeline for this period (1557)?

A. Tottel's Miscellany
B. More's Utopia
C. Coverdale's Bible
D. The birth of Shakespeare

▶ Page 44 - Table of English Literature (Conclusion)

Q1. During what years did Queen Mary reign?

A. 1509-1547
B. 1547-1553
C. 1553-1558
D. 1558-1603

Q2. The word Utopia is formed from two Greek words meaning what?

A. Good place
B. Nowhere
C. Perfect city
D. Heaven on earth

Q3. How has the adjective 'Utopian' been integrated into modern use?

A. It is only used in scientific textbooks
B. It has passed into our common speech
C. It is exclusively a legal term
D. It was banned by the church

Q4. Which of the following is true based on the footnote regarding Utopia?

A. Utopia literally translates to 'everywhere'
B. Sir Thomas More invented the Greek language
C. The name Utopia means 'Nowhere'
D. The word has no modern English equivalent

Q5. Which monarch immediately preceded Queen Mary?

A. Henry VII
B. Henry VIII
C. Edward VI
D. Elizabeth I

Q6. Which famous literary collection was published during Mary's reign?

A. Lyrical Ballads
B. The Faerie Queene
C. Tottel's Miscellany
D. First Folio

Q7. Based on the previous timeline context, Queen Mary's reign occurred right before which major English era?

A. The Norman Conquest
B. The Elizabethan Era
C. The Victorian Era
D. The Restoration

Q8. According to the footnote, what language are the roots of the word 'Utopia' derived from?

A. Latin
B. French
C. Greek
D. Celtic

Q9. What literary trend is highlighted by the creation of words like 'Utopia' passing into common speech?

A. The decline of classical education
B. The impact of the Renaissance and classical learning on English
C. The total replacement of English with Greek
D. The isolation of English scholars

Q10. What year marked the end of Queen Mary's reign?

A. 1547
B. 1553
C. 1557
D. 1558

▶ Page 45 - Development of Drama to 1561 (Part 1)

Q1. The earliest mention of dramatic representation in England refers to a play in honor of whom?

A. St. George
B. St. Katherine
C. King Arthur
D. The Virgin Mary

Q2. Around what year did this earliest recorded performance at Dunstable take place?

A. 1066
B. 1110
C. 1215
D. 1340

Q3. From what had the early religious drama evolved?

A. Greek tragedies
B. Roman comedies
C. The rich symbolic liturgy of the Church
D. Peasant folk dances

Q4. What was the direct purpose of these early religious dramas?

A. Pure entertainment for the king
B. To make money for the church
C. Didactic; to instruct the unlettered masses in the truths of their religion
D. To train professional actors

Q5. In the beginning, who were the actors in these religious plays?

A. Professional actors from France
B. The priests
C. The local townspeople
D. The royal family

Q6. What language was initially employed in these church performances?

A. Old English
B. Norman French
C. The Latin of the service
D. Middle English

Q7. What was this early form of religious drama called?

A. The morality play
B. The mystery or miracle play
C. The interlude
D. The tragedy

Q8. As the plays became more popular, where were they moved to from the interior of the church?

A. The king's palace
B. The porch, then the churchyard, and finally the village green/street
C. Specially built amphitheaters
D. Underground crypts

Q9. When laymen began to take part, what language eventually substituted the original Latin?

A. Only English
B. Only French
C. First French, then English
D. Italian

Q10. What does the transition from church interior to village street indicate about the plays?

A. They were banned by the Pope
B. They became increasingly secularized and public
C. They were no longer about religion
D. The churches were all destroyed

▶ Page 46 - Development of Drama to 1561 (Part 2)

Q1. In what century did the religious drama in England reach its height?

A. The 12th century
B. The 13th century
C. The 14th century
D. The 16th century

Q2. During which festival in early summer were these plays typically represented?

A. Christmas
B. Easter
C. Corpus Christi
D. All Saints' Day

Q3. How were the Corpus Christi plays arranged?

A. As single, short, unconnected skits
B. In great connected sequences or cycles exhibiting the history of man's fall and redemption
C. As lengthy philosophical debates
D. As purely musical performances

Q4. Who took charge of the performance of these collective mysteries in the towns?

A. The King's guards
B. The local monasteries
C. The Trading Guilds
D. Professional acting troupes

Q5. Which of the following is NOT one of the four complete cycles that have come down to us?

A. The Chester cycle
B. The Coventry cycle
C. The Wakefield cycle
D. The London cycle

Q6. How does each of the complete cycles begin and end?

A. Begins with the Nativity, ends with the Ascension
B. Begins with the Creation, ends with the Last Judgment
C. Begins with the Exodus, ends with the Crucifixion
D. Begins with Noah's Flood, ends with the Resurrection

Q7. Which scene is mentioned as touching the note of pathos in these plays?

A. The Last Judgment
B. The Flood
C. The story of Abraham and Isaac
D. The Creation

Q8. The Shepherd plays of the Wakefield series are noted for introducing what element?

A. Intense tragedy
B. Historical accuracy
C. A comic element (rough country farces)
D. Complex theological arguments

Q9. Which famous playwright likely witnessed the miracle plays given annually at Coventry during his boyhood?

A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. William Shakespeare
C. Christopher Marlowe
D. Ben Jonson

Q10. How did morality plays differ from miracle plays?

A. They were not didactic
B. They were performed exclusively in Latin
C. Their characters were personified abstractions rather than figures from sacred narrative
D. They were only performed by priests

▶ Page 47 - Morality Plays and Interludes

Q1. Who was a prominent humorous character introduced later into morality plays, often serving as the fun-maker?

A. The Devil
B. The Vice
C. The Hero
D. The King

Q2. The character of 'The Vice' is specially interesting as the direct forerunner of what later stage character?

A. The tragic hero
B. The Elizabethan stage clown
C. The chorus
D. The romantic lead

Q3. Why did the morality play have greater freedom in the handling of plot and characters than the miracle play?

A. Because the church had no control over it
B. Because it was not obliged to follow the prescribed lines of any given biblical story
C. Because it was written exclusively for the king
D. Because it was performed only by professional actors

Q4. During the Reformation period, what was the morality play often used for?

A. Purely comedic entertainment
B. Translating the Bible
C. Purposes of exposition and religious controversy by both parties
D. Training soldiers

Q5. As personified abstractions in morality plays began to resemble individual persons, what did the morality play insensibly pass into?

A. Tragedy
B. Epic poetry
C. Comedy
D. History plays

Q6. What was the 'interlude'?

A. A late product of the dramatic development of the morality play
B. A long, serious religious epic
C. A type of sonnet
D. A musical performance without words

Q7. In its specific sense, what does the 'interlude' refer to?

A. A purely religious sermon
B. A short dramatic piece of a satiric character, far less serious than a morality play
C. A tragedy based on Roman history
D. A translation of a Greek play

Q8. Which name is closely associated with the growth of the interlude form in the early sixteenth century?

A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. John Heywood
C. Thomas Sackville
D. Nicholas Udall

Q9. What is the title of John Heywood's most amusing interlude, featuring a Palmer, Pardoner, Pothecary, and Pedlar?

A. The Four Ps
B. Roister Doister
C. Everyman
D. Gorboduc

Q10. What is the climax of the competition in 'The Four Ps'?

A. A physical fight
B. A singing contest
C. A competition to see who can tell the biggest lie
D. A theological debate

▶ Page 48 - The Beginnings of Regular Comedy and Tragedy

Q1. Why are early experiments in play-writing (miracle/morality plays) historically important?

A. They provided a kind of 'Dame School' for English dramatic genius, preparing the way for regular drama
B. They were all written by Shakespeare
C. They were the only literature allowed to be printed
D. They completely destroyed classical literature

Q2. Under what direct influence did English comedy and tragedy pass into forms of art?

A. The Norman Conquest
B. The revival of learning
C. The Industrial Revolution
D. The discovery of America

Q3. From which classical playwrights did the Renaissance men initially take their models for comedy and tragedy?

A. Greek playwrights like Sophocles
B. Latin playwrights (Plautus, Terence, Seneca)
C. Egyptian playwrights
D. Early French playwrights

Q4. What is considered the first real English comedy?

A. Gorboduc
B. Roister Doister
C. Everyman
D. The Four Ps

Q5. Who wrote Roister Doister around 1550?

A. Nicholas Udall, head master of Eton
B. Thomas Sackville
C. John Heywood
D. William Shakespeare

Q6. How is Roister Doister structured?

A. In blank verse without acts
B. In riming couplets, divided into acts and scenes in the Latin style
C. As a continuous prose narrative
D. As a series of unrelated sonnets

Q7. What is considered the first real English tragedy?

A. Hamlet
B. Roister Doister
C. Gorboduc (or Ferrex and Porrex)
D. Everyman

Q8. Gorboduc is an almost pedantic effort to reproduce the forms and spirit of whose tragedy?

A. Plautus's
B. Seneca's
C. Terence's
D. Aristotle's

Q9. Who wrote the first English tragedy, Gorboduc?

A. Nicholas Udall and John Heywood
B. Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton
C. Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower
D. William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe

Q10. What is an interesting poetic first regarding Gorboduc?

A. It was the first play to use rhyme royal
B. It was the first of our plays to use blank verse
C. It was the first play written entirely in prose
D. It was the first play to use alliteration

▶ Page 49 - Table of the Development of the Drama

Q1. According to the table, what was the first recorded dramatic performance in England?

A. Gorboduc
B. Ludus de S. Katherina
C. Roister Doister
D. The Four Ps

Q2. In what year was the Festival of Corpus Christi instituted, giving impulse to miracle plays?

A. 1110
B. 1264
C. 1340
D. 1485

Q3. During whose reign was the Festival of Corpus Christi instituted?

A. Henry I
B. Henry III
C. Edward III
D. Richard III

Q4. When did the York cycle of miracle plays originate?

A. About 1340
B. Middle of the 14th century
C. 15th century
D. 16th century

Q5. When did the Wakefield cycle of miracle plays originate?

A. About 1340
B. Middle of the 14th century
C. Middle of the 15th century
D. Early 16th century

Q6. What is the earliest extant morality play listed in the table?

A. Everyman
B. The Castell of Perseverance
C. Lusty Juventus
D. Roister Doister

Q7. When did interludes begin to appear according to the table?

A. 13th century
B. 14th century
C. Early 16th century
D. Late 16th century

Q8. In what year was Gorboduc written?

A. 1520
B. 1550
C. 1561
D. 1566

Q9. What was the second English comedy, written in 1566 by John Still?

A. Roister Doister
B. Gammer Gurton's Needle
C. The Four Ps
D. Everyman

Q10. Based on the footnote, what is the accepted English term for religious drama, despite continental distinctions between 'mysteries' and 'miracle plays'?

A. Morality Play
B. Miracle Play
C. Interlude
D. Mystery Play

▶ Page 50 - The Age of Shakespeare (Part 1)

Q1. What period of time does the 'Shakespearean Age' broadly cover?

A. The entire 15th century
B. From the Norman Conquest to the Black Death
C. From the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 to the death of James I in 1625
D. The reign of Queen Victoria

Q2. The Shakespearean Age is described as falling naturally into how many divisions?

A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

Q3. How is the first division (the first 21 years of the Queen's reign) characterized?

A. The time of decline (autumn)
B. The time of preparation, or the springtide of Elizabethan literature
C. The time of full fruition (summer)
D. The dark ages

Q4. How is the second division (between Spenser's Shepheardes Calender and Elizabeth's death) characterized?

A. The time of preparation
B. The time of full fruition, or summer
C. The time of decline
D. The time of religious war

Q5. How is the third division (the 22 years of the reign of James I) characterized?

A. The springtide of literature
B. The time of full fruition
C. Its time of decline, or autumn
D. The rebirth of classical literature

Q6. Strictly speaking, what is the proper designation for the third division of this period?

A. Elizabethan
B. Jacobean
C. Tudor
D. Victorian

Q7. Why is the entire period referred to collectively as the Age of Shakespeare?

A. Because Shakespeare ruled England
B. Because of literary development reasons, including both Elizabethan and Jacobean eras
C. Because no other authors lived during this time
D. Because Shakespeare invented the printing press

Q8. How does this period rank in the annals of the world's literature?

A. As the most barren and unproductive
B. As completely average
C. As one of the greatest, due to its fertility, variety, and splendor
D. As solely focused on scientific achievements

Q9. What happened to the 'average mood' of the nation during this period?

A. It was sluggish and dull
B. It was exceptionally vigorous and alert
C. It was deeply mournful
D. It was entirely apathetic

Q10. Which authors are mentioned as growing from boyhood into youth during the early years of Elizabeth's reign?

A. Chaucer, Gower, Langland
B. Spenser, Bacon, and Shakespeare
C. Wyatt, Surrey, and Udall
D. Milton, Dryden, and Pope

▶ Page 51 - The Age of Shakespeare (Part 2)

Q1. How did the revival of learning affect the general public during this era?

A. It remained limited to the scholarly few at universities
B. Innumerable translations carried classic treasures far and wide to a large miscellaneous public
C. It was banned by the Queen
D. Only French literature was translated

Q2. What quote is used to describe the pervasive influence of classical literature in England?

A. 'Every breeze was dusty with the pollen of Greece, Rome, and of Italy'
B. 'The sun never sets on the English empire'
C. 'To be or not to be'
D. 'Knowledge is power'

Q3. While the Renaissance aroused the intellect and aesthetic faculties, what did the Reformation awaken?

A. Military strategy
B. Industrial production
C. The spiritual nature
D. The desire for foreign conquest

Q4. What significant religious text did the printing press put into the hands of the people?

A. The Latin Vulgate
B. The English Bible
C. The Book of Common Prayer
D. The 95 Theses

Q5. What effect did the discovery of new worlds and explorers' tales have on the English mind?

A. It caused intense fear and isolationism
B. It quickened popular curiosity, zest of adventure, and enlarged the boundaries of men's minds
C. It led to an immediate ban on all sailing
D. It made people lose interest in literature

Q6. Which of the following is NOT listed as a daring explorer of the time?

A. Hawkins
B. Drake
C. Columbus
D. Frobisher

Q7. What was the state of the country's internal affairs for the first time in many years?

A. It was engaged in a civil war
B. It enjoyed the blessing of internal peace
C. It was suffering a terrible famine
D. It was constantly changing monarchs

Q8. How did the fierce feuds of Catholic and Protestant change during this period?

A. They intensified into open warfare
B. The feuds were now over, and discordant elements were welded into a united nation
C. The country split into two separate kingdoms
D. Protestantism was outlawed

Q9. What crisis imperiled England's existence but ultimately caused Englishmen to sink minor differences and stand shoulder to shoulder?

A. The Black Death
B. The invasion of the Vikings
C. The collision with Spain (The Spanish Armada)
D. The French Revolution

Q10. What became one of the outstanding features of the age as a result of defending against a common foe?

A. Intense patriotism
B. Widespread cowardice
C. A desire to emigrate
D. Religious despair

▶ Page 52 - Elizabethan Poetry Before Spenser

Q1. How is the spirit of Shakespeare's age described?

A. An age in which 'men lived intensely, thought intensely, and wrote intensely'
B. An age of darkness and silence
C. An age solely focused on monastic life
D. An age of complete scientific rationality

Q2. What event marks the opening of the 'golden age' of Elizabethan literature in 1579?

A. The publication of Tottel's Miscellany
B. The publication of Spenser's Shepheardes Calender
C. The birth of Shakespeare
D. The writing of Gorboduc

Q3. How is the poetry of the first half of the Queen's reign characterized before Spenser?

A. It was the greatest era of poetry ever seen
B. While there was poetic activity, little verse of any distinct value was produced
C. It was exclusively written by the Queen herself
D. It consisted only of translations

Q4. Where is the best poetry of this early period to be found?

A. In John Gower's works
B. In the contributions of Thomas Sackville to 'A Myrroure for Magistrates'
C. In Shakespeare's early sonnets
D. In the mystery plays

Q5. What was 'A Myrroure for Magistrates' designed to be?

A. A scientific encyclopedia
B. A continuation of Lydgate's Falles of Princes, including a series of 'tragical histories' of famous Englishmen
C. A religious text translating the Bible
D. A comedic play about judges

Q6. Which specific poem by Sackville is noted as the finest single poem written in England between Chaucer and Spenser?

A. The Steele Glas
B. The Induction to A Myrroure for Magistrates
C. The Complaint of Buckingham
D. The Faery Queene

Q7. What is George Gascoigne's 'The Steele Glas' (1576) known for?

A. Being the first regular verse satire in the English language
B. Being the first sonnet ever written in English
C. Being the first English tragedy
D. Being a translation of Dante

Q8. Who is considered the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Shakespearean age?

A. Thomas Sackville
B. Edmund Spenser
C. George Gascoigne
D. Christopher Marlowe

Q9. Where did Spenser receive his university education?

A. Oxford
B. Cambridge
C. University of Paris
D. University of Padua

Q10. With whose nephew, Sir Philip Sidney, did Spenser form an intimate friendship?

A. The Earl of Leicester
B. Lord Grey de Wilton
C. Queen Elizabeth
D. Sir Walter Raleigh

▶ Page 53 - Spenser and His Poetry

Q1. Where did Spenser pass the remainder of his life from 1580 onward, which he viewed as a miserable exile?

A. France
B. Ireland
C. Scotland
D. Italy

Q2. What tragic event happened to Spenser in October 1598?

A. He was executed by the Queen
B. Rebellion broke out, and his castle was fired and plundered by a mob
C. He was lost at sea
D. He contracted the plague in London

Q3. Where is Spenser's 'Shepheardes Calender' (1579) categorized stylistically?

A. An epic tragedy
B. A pastoral poem of the artificial kind
C. A political satire
D. A sequence of sonnets

Q4. How is the 'Shepheardes Calender' divided?

A. Into 12 parts, one for each month of the year
B. Into 10 books, one for each commandment
C. Into 4 parts, one for each season
D. It is not divided at all

Q5. What issues does Spenser discuss in the 'Shepheardes Calender' under the guise of pastoral imagery?

A. His travels to Italy
B. Scientific discoveries of the Renaissance
C. His love for Rosalind, moral questions, and religious issues from a Protestant standpoint
D. The history of the Roman Empire

Q6. Who is the subject of Spenser's elegy 'Astrophel'?

A. Queen Elizabeth
B. Sir Philip Sidney
C. Sir Walter Raleigh
D. Geoffrey Chaucer

Q7. What are Spenser's 'Amoretti'?

A. A series of 88 sonnets describing the progress of his love for Elizabeth Boyle
B. A collection of political essays
C. A play written for the court
D. A translation of Italian fables

Q8. Which poem, inspired by his marriage, is considered by common consent the noblest wedding hymn in the language?

A. Foure Hymnes
B. Astrophel
C. Epithalamium
D. Prothalamion

Q9. How many books did Spenser project to write for 'The Faery Queene'?

A. Six
B. Ten
C. Twelve
D. Twenty-four

Q10. How many books of 'The Faery Queene' were actually published during Spenser's lifetime?

A. All twelve
B. Six
C. Only one
D. None

▶ Page 54 - The Faery Queene (Part 1)

Q1. To whom did Spenser explain the underlying scheme of The Faery Queene in a prefatory letter?

A. Sir Philip Sidney
B. Queen Elizabeth
C. Sir Walter Raleigh
D. Earl of Leicester

Q2. Who is the central figure in The Faery Queene, chosen because he was the hero of the greatest British legend-cycle of chivalry?

A. The Red Cross Knight
B. Sir Guyon
C. Prince Arthur
D. Sir Calidore

Q3. How is the appearance of Prince Arthur in each story utilized by Spenser?

A. To kill the main character
B. As a link between one part and another of the gigantic design
C. To end the poem prematurely
D. Merely as a background observer

Q4. Externally considered, what is The Faery Queene compounded of?

A. Accurate historical facts of 16th century London
B. The traditional materials of chivalry (giants, dragons, knights, damsels)
C. Scientific descriptions of nature
D. Purely religious sermons

Q5. Unlike his Italian master Ariosto who wrote only to amuse, what is Spenser's Faery Queene inspired by?

A. A desire for political power
B. A high moral and religious aim; it is a didactic romance
C. A hatred for Queen Elizabeth
D. Purely financial gain

Q6. What do the twelve knights-errant represent in the ethical allegory of the poem?

A. The twelve apostles
B. The twelve months of the year
C. Types of the twelve cardinal virtues of Aristotle's philosophy
D. The twelve kings of England

Q7. What is Prince Arthur the incarnation of in the allegory?

A. Divine Power
B. Temperance
C. Justice
D. Human Weakness

Q8. In Book 1, what virtue does the Knight of the Red Cross represent?

A. Temperance
B. Chastity
C. Holiness
D. Justice

Q9. Which knight represents Temperance in Book 2?

A. Britomartis
B. Sir Guyon
C. Sir Calidore
D. Artegall

Q10. Who represents Chastity in the third book of The Faery Queene?

A. Lady Una
B. Cambell
C. Britomartis
D. Rosalind

▶ Page 55 - The Faery Queene (Part 2)

Q1. Who represents Justice in the fifth book of The Faery Queene?

A. Triamond
B. Artegall
C. Sir Calidore
D. Red Cross Knight

Q2. Involved with the ethical allegory, what other kind of allegory enters into Spenser's plan?

A. Astronomical allegory
B. Historical allegory (concerned with political and religious problems of the age)
C. Culinary allegory
D. Linguistic allegory

Q3. In Book 1, as a general allegory, what does the rescue of Lady Una's parents by the Red Cross Knight represent?

A. The rescue of English kings from French prisons
B. The work of True Religion rescuing Humanity from the great dragon, Satan
C. The discovery of America
D. The translation of the Bible

Q4. Who does Spenser identify 'True Religion' with in his historical allegory?

A. The Papacy
B. English Protestantism
C. Greek Orthodoxy
D. Spanish Catholicism

Q5. Who are represented as the foes of True Religion in Spenser's historical allegory?

A. The Papacy, Spain, and Mary of Scots
B. The Scottish Protestants
C. The English Monarchy
D. The Puritans

Q6. Why might some modern readers find the allegory of The Faery Queene detracts from the human interest?

A. Because it is too short
B. Because many of the immediate living issues of Spenser's day have only historic value now
C. Because there are no human characters
D. Because it is written entirely in Latin

Q7. What is an obvious defect of The Faery Queene mentioned in the text?

A. It is written in prose
B. It suffers from its extreme artificiality and languid storytelling
C. It contains no moral lessons
D. It completely lacks poetic rhythm

Q8. Despite its defects, what is a very striking merit of Spenser's work?

A. It has perfect dramatic pacing
B. It has wonderful sense of beauty, pictorial power, and pure essential poetry
C. It is entirely realistic and historically accurate
D. It is highly comedic and satirical

Q9. Because of the quality of pure essential poetry found in his work, what title has been given to Spenser?

A. The father of English prose
B. The poet's poet
C. The king's playwright
D. The morning star of the Renaissance

Q10. Spenser's work represents a combination of the spirit of the Renaissance with the spirit of what?

A. The French Revolution
B. The Reformation
C. The Enlightenment
D. The Industrial Age

▶ Page 56 - Spenserian Stanza and Other Poets

Q1. Was the language used in The Faery Queene the actual English spoken in Spenser's day?

A. Yes, it was identical
B. No, he employed a dialect of his own which he purposely made archaic
C. Yes, it was standard Elizabethan English
D. No, it was pure Old English from before the Conquest

Q2. What is the name of the nine-line stanza invented by Spenser for his epic poem?

A. Rhyme royal
B. Spenserian stanza
C. Heroic couplet
D. Blank verse

Q3. What is the rhyme scheme of the Spenserian stanza?

A. aabbccdde
B. ababbcbcc
C. ababcdcdf
D. aabaabaab

Q4. What is the last line of the Spenserian stanza called?

A. An Alexandrine (a line of six iambic feet)
B. A refrain
C. A couplet
D. A haiku

Q5. From what existing stanza did Spenser probably evolve the Spenserian stanza?

A. Wyatt's sonnet form
B. Chaucer's eight-line stave of The Monkes Tale
C. The ballad meter
D. Gower's octosyllabic couplets

Q6. Following Tottel's Miscellany, many collections of similar character appeared. What is listed as the most famous of all of them?

A. The Paradyse of Daynty Devises
B. England's Helicon
C. An Arbor of Amorous Devises
D. A Handefull of Pleasant Delites

Q7. What did these collections (like England's Helicon) help preserve for us?

A. Long epic poems
B. Historical essays
C. Many graceful pieces of verse by various authors
D. Early prose novels

Q8. In what year was England's Helicon published?

A. 1557
B. 1576
C. 1584
D. 1600

Q9. What kind of books were also popular alongside these poetry collections?

A. Cookbooks
B. Regular song-books
C. Chemistry manuals
D. Dictionaries

Q10. Besides being a great poet, what other trait made Spenser completely representative of his epoch?

A. He was a successful playwright
B. All the co-operating forces of Elizabethan England (Renaissance humanism and Protestant earnestness) entered into his work
C. He became the King of Ireland
D. He was a celebrated explorer

▶ Page 57 - Other Elizabethan Poetry and John Donne

Q1. Which Italian poetic form, introduced by Wyatt and Surrey, established itself and was used by Spenser, Shakespeare, and others?

A. The Epic
B. The Sonnet
C. The Ode
D. Blank Verse

Q2. What is the Italian plan of writing sonnets that became popular?

A. Writing them in sequences (like Spenser's Amoretti)
B. Writing them only in Latin
C. Writing them as political manifestos
D. Never publishing them

Q3. Who is the author of the sonnet sequence 'Astrophel and Stella'?

A. Samuel Daniel
B. Michael Drayton
C. Sir Philip Sidney
D. William Shakespeare

Q4. Which class of poetry from this era is historically significant for expressing powerful patriotic feeling?

A. Sonnet sequences
B. Poetry inspired by national themes (chronicles and histories)
C. Pastoral elegies
D. Religious hymns

Q5. Who wrote the enormous poetical description of England in thirty books called 'Polyolbion'?

A. William Warner
B. Samuel Daniel
C. Michael Drayton
D. John Donne

Q6. Drayton's 'Polyolbion' was referred to by the author himself as what?

A. A gentle breeze
B. His 'Herculean toil'
C. A minor fragment
D. An absolute failure

Q7. What defines the Jacobean division of the Age of Shakespeare as a period of decline?

A. The complete ban on all poetry
B. The Elizabethan inspiration was waning, subject matter was exhausting, and a tendency to imitation set in
C. Shakespeare died before it began
D. The printing press was destroyed

Q8. Who began a new kind of poetry characterized by harsh metres and 'conceits' during the time of James I?

A. Michael Drayton
B. John Donne
C. Samuel Daniel
D. Edmund Spenser

Q9. What was John Donne's profession besides being a poet?

A. A celebrated divine and preacher
B. A military general
C. A royal architect
D. A physician

Q10. John Donne's historical importance lies in initiating what school of poetry?

A. The Romantic school
B. The Metaphysical school
C. The Neoclassical school
D. The Cavalier school

▶ Page 58 - Note on Poetry

Q1. Based on the text on page 58, what is provided on pages 76-8 of the book?

A. A detailed biography of Shakespeare
B. A Table of the Poetry of the Age of Shakespeare
C. A map of Elizabethan London
D. An index of classical playwrights

Q2. The strained and whimsical images and turns of speech used by Donne are called what?

A. Sonnets
B. Metaphors
C. Conceits
D. Similes

Q3. How is the metre of John Donne's poetry described?

A. Flawlessly smooth
B. Harsh
C. Purely iambic
D. Composed only of dactyls

Q4. Despite the harsh metres and conceits, what characterized all of Donne's writings?

A. A complete lack of emotion
B. Much genuine poetic feeling
C. A strict adherence to French rules
D. A focus solely on comedic satire

Q5. True or False: John Donne's work belongs essentially to the time of Queen Elizabeth.

A. True, he died before she did
B. False, his work belongs essentially to the time of James I
C. True, he was the Queen's favorite poet
D. False, he wrote during the Victorian era

▶ Page 59 - The Elizabethan Romantic Drama (Part 1)

Q1. What term describes the quarter-century following the production of Gorboduc in English drama?

A. A period of absolute perfection
B. A period of great confusion
C. The golden age of classicism
D. The death of the theater

Q2. What ambition did some scholars and humanists like Sir Philip Sidney cherish during this period?

A. Naturalising the Senecan or 'classic' species of play
B. Creating an entirely new form of drama never seen before
C. Banning all plays from England
D. Only performing plays in Italian

Q3. According to these humanists, what was the only sure way to a really artistic drama?

A. By letting actors improvise everything
B. Through the faithful imitation of ancient models
C. By making every play a musical
D. By writing exclusively about modern politics

Q4. What did the miscellaneous unscholarly public care much about in their plays?

A. The decorous Senecan conventions
B. Strict adherence to Aristotle's rules
C. Exciting plots and vigorous action
D. Beautifully constructed Latin dialogue

Q5. How did the writers who catered to this unscholarly public respond to the Senecan conventions?

A. They adopted them completely
B. They rejected them altogether and struck out into a variety of crude experiments
C. They forced the public to read Seneca
D. They compromised perfectly with the humanists

Q6. What were these new, crude dramatic experiments a natural elaboration of?

A. The dramatic elements of the older English stage (miracle/morality plays)
B. French ballet
C. Greek mythology
D. Spanish romances

Q7. Between which two groups was there a temporary conflict in the dramatic world?

A. The King and the Parliament
B. The humanists (standing for classical tradition) and the strong national taste of the English public
C. The actors and the playwrights
D. The Protestants and the Catholics

Q8. In the end, which side triumphed in this conflict of dramatic styles?

A. The classical tradition
B. The national taste
C. Neither, drama was banned
D. The French style

Q9. What form of drama was definitely established just before Shakespeare began his career?

A. The strict neoclassical drama
B. The 'romantic' form of drama
C. The modern musical
D. The purely historical documentary play

Q10. Who were the immediate predecessors of Shakespeare that established this romantic drama?

A. The monks of Canterbury
B. A group of university men trained in the classics who carried forward the free tradition of the popular stage
C. The King's royal guards
D. Foreign ambassadors from Italy

▶ Page 60 - Classic vs. Romantic Drama

Q1. How does the 'classic' drama treat the spheres of tragedy and comedy?

A. It blends them constantly
B. It keeps them entirely separate (no humor in tragedy, no tragedy in comedy)
C. It only recognizes comedy
D. It insists that all tragedies must end happily

Q2. In 'classic' drama, how is the dramatic action typically handled?

A. Everything happens on stage
B. There is little or no dramatic action on stage; incidents are reported in dialogue and set narrative
C. There is no dialogue, only action
D. The audience participates in the action

Q3. What are the three unities that controlled the construction of 'classic' drama?

A. Unity of time, place, and action
B. Unity of character, setting, and plot
C. Unity of poetry, prose, and song
D. Unity of author, actor, and audience

Q4. What does the unity of 'time' mean in the classic drama?

A. A play must last exactly one hour
B. The entire story must be confined to a single day
C. The play must take place in the present day
D. The characters cannot age

Q5. What does the unity of 'action' mean in the classic drama?

A. There must be constant sword fighting
B. It must be one single story only, without subplots or minor episodes
C. Everyone on stage must be moving at all times
D. The story must span across multiple generations

Q6. From whose practice and teachings were these classic principles supposedly derived?

A. The Attic writers of tragedy and the Greek critic Aristotle
B. The early Christian saints
C. The Egyptian pharaohs
D. The Norse gods

Q7. Through whose plays did these classic principles come into the modern drama in their severest form?

A. Shakespeare
B. Seneca
C. Chaucer
D. Boccaccio

Q8. How does the 'romantic' (or Shakespearean) drama handle theme and tone?

A. It keeps them strictly separated
B. It makes free use of variety, often blending tragic and comic incidents and characters in the same piece
C. It only uses comedy
D. It is always depressing

Q9. How does the 'romantic' drama handle dramatic action?

A. Everything happens off-stage
B. It is essentially a drama of action; nearly everything that happens is represented on the stage
C. It relies entirely on a narrator
D. It uses only pantomime

Q10. How does the 'romantic' drama handle the three unities?

A. It adheres to them even more strictly than the classic drama
B. It repudiates them (allowing time to extend, changing scenes, and employing subplots)
C. It keeps unity of time but ignores the others
D. It only follows the unity of place

▶ Page 61 - Shakespeare's Predecessors

Q1. What did Shakespeare's predecessors achieve for him?

A. They wrote all of his plays for him
B. They prepared the way for him by ensuring the triumph of the free and flexible 'romantic' form of drama
C. They built the Globe Theatre
D. They convinced the Queen to fund his work

Q2. What is the common name given to this group of Shakespeare's predecessors?

A. The Oxford Scholars
B. The University Wits
C. The Globe Masters
D. The Senecan Society

Q3. What did the term 'University Wits' imply about these men?

A. They were all expelled from university
B. They were all men of academic training brought into touch with the new learning at Oxford or Cambridge
C. They were strictly comedic writers
D. They wrote only in Latin

Q4. Despite their academic training, to what did these men (with one exception) give their talents?

A. The Church
B. The public stage
C. Writing legal treatises
D. Royal diplomacy

Q5. Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the 'University Wits'?

A. John Lyly
B. Christopher Marlowe
C. Thomas Kyd
D. Ben Jonson

Q6. Which two writers are noted as having special significance due to their direct influence upon Shakespeare?

A. Lyly and Marlowe
B. Peele and Greene
C. Lodge and Nash
D. Kyd and Lyly

Q7. What prose romance is John Lyly most widely known as the author of?

A. Morte d'Arthur
B. Euphues
C. Utopia
D. Arcadia

Q8. How many comedies does John Lyly's dramatic work consist of?

A. Two
B. Five
C. Eight
D. Twelve

Q9. Which of the University Wits wrote around the years 1564-1593 and had a direct influence on Shakespeare?

A. Thomas Kyd
B. Christopher Marlowe
C. George Peele
D. Thomas Lodge

Q10. What role did the strong national taste of the audience play in the work of the University Wits?

A. It had a good deal to do with the class of drama they produced
B. They ignored it completely
C. They tried to educate the audience out of it
D. It caused them to stop writing plays

▶ Page 62 - Lyly, Marlowe, and Shakespeare's Early Life

Q1. John Lyly's comedies (like Campaspe and Endymion) were written for performance at court. What did the interest in them depend on?

A. The complex plot
B. Deep characterization
C. Language (wit, point, ingenuity, and grace of dialogue)
D. Spectacular stage effects

Q2. What did John Lyly help give comedy at a time when public stage humors ran into coarseness?

A. A purely tragic ending
B. An intellectual tone
C. A political message
D. A musical score

Q3. In his clever repartee and verbal fireworks, who did Lyly anticipate and undeniably master in comedy?

A. Christopher Marlowe
B. Ben Jonson
C. William Shakespeare
D. John Donne

Q4. Which of Marlowe's plays gives him the place of pre-eminence among pre-Shakespearean playwrights despite their bombast?

A. Tamburlaine the Great, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Edward II
B. Roister Doister and Gorboduc
C. The Spanish Tragedy
D. The Four Ps

Q5. What poetic form did Marlowe introduce to the romantic drama and the public stage in these plays?

A. The sonnet
B. Rhyme royal
C. Blank verse
D. The heroic couplet

Q6. Which of Shakespeare's narrative poems is in part inspired by Marlowe's 'Hero and Leander'?

A. Lucrece
B. Venus and Adonis
C. The Tempest
D. A Midsummer Night's Dream

Q7. When and where was William Shakespeare born?

A. 1564 at Stratford-on-Avon
B. 1558 in London
C. 1579 in Oxford
D. 1592 in Cambridge

Q8. What was the profession of Shakespeare's father?

A. A university professor
B. A prosperous tradesman who became High Bailiff
C. A poor farmer
D. A wealthy nobleman

Q9. Why was Shakespeare taken from school when he was about fourteen?

A. He was expelled
B. He was accepted into Oxford
C. Financial misfortunes overtook his father, and he had to help the family earn money
D. He wanted to become an actor immediately

Q10. Who did Shakespeare marry in his 19th year?

A. Elizabeth Boyle
B. Anne Hathaway
C. Mary Arden
D. Queen Elizabeth

▶ Page 63 - Shakespeare's Life (Part 2)

Q1. How is Shakespeare's marriage to Anne Hathaway described?

A. Hasty, ill-advised, and apparently unhappy
B. The happiest marriage of the century
C. A politically arranged marriage
D. A purely business transaction

Q2. What are the names of Shakespeare's three children?

A. Mary, Elizabeth, and John
B. Susannah, and the twins Judith and Hamnet
C. Romeo, Juliet, and Hamlet
D. Thomas, William, and Anne

Q3. According to tradition, what escapade obliged Shakespeare to fly from home?

A. A duel with a rival poet
B. A deer-stealing escapade in the woods of Charlecote Hall
C. Stealing money from his father
D. Treason against the Queen

Q4. Roughly when did Shakespeare leave his native town to seek his fortunes in London?

A. 1575
B. 1587
C. 1600
D. 1610

Q5. How do we know that Shakespeare was well known as a successful author by 1592?

A. He received an award from the Queen
B. An ill-natured reference to him in a pamphlet written by Greene on his deathbed
C. His first folio was published
D. He was knighted

Q6. How long did Shakespeare remain in London producing on average a couple of plays a year?

A. 5 years
B. 10 years
C. Upwards of 20 years
D. 40 years

Q7. Shakespeare became a shareholder in which two leading theatres?

A. The Swan and The Rose
B. The Globe and the Black-friars
C. The Royal and The Court
D. The Queen's and The King's Men

Q8. Between 1610 and 1612, where did Shakespeare retire?

A. To London
B. To a monastery
C. To Stratford, where he bought a house known as New Place
D. To America

Q9. Who did Shakespeare's elder daughter, Susannah, marry in 1607?

A. Thomas Quiney
B. Dr. John Hall (a celebrated physician)
C. Christopher Marlowe
D. Ben Jonson

Q10. On what date did Shakespeare die?

A. 23rd April 1616
B. 1st January 1600
C. 25th December 1625
D. 4th July 1612

▶ Page 64 - Shakespeare's Character and Early Works

Q1. What does Shakespeare's biography prove conclusively about his character?

A. He was a pure dreamer
B. Like Chaucer, he was no dreamer but a practical man of affairs
C. He was hopelessly inept with money
D. He hated writing plays

Q2. How did Shakespeare reach London, and how did he leave it?

A. He reached it wealthy, and left it bankrupt
B. He reached it poor and friendless; he left it rich and respected
C. He arrived as a king and left as a peasant
D. He never left London once he arrived

Q3. How is the learning shown in Shakespeare's plays described?

A. The accurate learning of a trained scholar like Bacon or Jonson
B. A wide miscellaneous knowledge accumulated by an extraordinarily assimilative mind
C. Entirely lacking; he knew nothing of history
D. Purely religious learning

Q4. What gave Shakespeare easy access to the treasures of ancient literature?

A. He was fluent in ancient Greek
B. Translations
C. He stole books from Oxford
D. The King taught him personally

Q5. Shakespeare's non-dramatic poetry consists of two narrative poems and a sequence of how many sonnets?

A. 50
B. 100
C. 154
D. 200

Q6. Who are the 154 sonnets addressed to?

A. All to Queen Elizabeth
B. The first 126 addressed to a man, the remainder addressed/referring to a woman
C. All to his wife Anne Hathaway
D. All to God

Q7. What is the only certainty regarding Shakespeare's sonnets?

A. They are exactly autobiographical
B. They were written by Queen Elizabeth
C. They contain in places the finest lyrical poetry of their time
D. They were a financial failure

Q8. How many plays does the commonly accepted canon of Shakespeare's dramatic work comprise?

A. 15
B. 24
C. 37
D. 52

Q9. Over how many years did Shakespeare's activity as a writer for the stage extend?

A. 10 years
B. Some 24 years (beginning about 1588, ending about 1612)
C. 40 years
D. 50 years

Q10. How have Shakespearean critics agreed to subdivide these 24 years of dramatic writing?

A. Into two halves: Comedy and Tragedy
B. Into four periods
C. Into ten distinct phases
D. They do not subdivide it

▶ Page 65 - Shakespeare's First Two Periods

Q1. What years constitute Shakespeare's First Period (the period of early and experimental work)?

A. 1588-1593
B. 1594-1600
C. 1601-1608
D. 1608-1612

Q2. Which of the following plays belongs to the First Period (1588-93)?

A. Hamlet
B. Romeo and Juliet
C. Macbeth
D. The Tempest

Q3. How is the work of the First Period generally characterized?

A. Deep and penetrative
B. Extremely slight in texture, superficial treatment of life, and immature art
C. Sombre and bitter
D. Careless in construction

Q4. What is a prominent technical feature of the First Period?

A. Free and flexible blank verse without rhyme
B. The prominence of rhyme, stiffness of blank verse, and constant use of puns and conceits
C. Entirely written in prose
D. It completely lacks rhyme

Q5. What years constitute Shakespeare's Second Period (the period of the great comedies and chronicle plays)?

A. 1588-1593
B. 1594-1600
C. 1601-1608
D. 1608-1612

Q6. Which of the following plays belongs to the Second Period (1594-1600)?

A. The Merchant of Venice
B. Othello
C. The Winter's Tale
D. Titus Andronicus

Q7. How does the work of the Second Period compare to the First Period?

A. It becomes more artificial and stiff
B. It becomes independent, far more massive, with deep and penetrative characterization and humor
C. It is entirely tragic and bitter
D. It is exactly the same

Q8. What happens to Shakespeare's technical style in the Second Period?

A. He uses more rhyme than ever
B. Rhyme is largely abandoned for prose and free/flexible blank verse
C. He abandons blank verse completely
D. He writes only in Latin

Q9. Which play is an example of the First Period's comedies where Lyly's influence is pronounced?

A. As You Like It
B. Love's Labour's Lost
C. Twelfth Night
D. Much Ado about Nothing

Q10. Which period features the history play 'Henry V'?

A. First Period
B. Second Period
C. Third Period
D. Fourth Period

▶ Page 66 - Shakespeare's Last Two Periods

Q1. What years constitute Shakespeare's Third Period (the period of great tragedies and sombre comedies)?

A. 1588-1593
B. 1594-1600
C. 1601-1608
D. 1608-1612

Q2. What is the striking change that occurs in the entire spirit of Shakespeare's work during the Third Period?

A. He writes only lighthearted farces
B. His attention is pre-occupied with the darker side of human experience, destructive passions, and evil
C. He returns to the artificial style of his youth
D. He writes entirely about religion

Q3. Which of the following plays belongs to the Third Period (1601-1608)?

A. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth
B. Richard II, Henry IV
C. The Tempest, Cymbeline
D. Romeo and Juliet, Midsummer Night's Dream

Q4. Even when Shakespeare writes comedies in the Third Period, what is their tone?

A. Bright and joyful
B. Satirical and musical
C. Either grave or fierce, with emphasis thrown on evil
D. Romantic and pastoral

Q5. What years constitute Shakespeare's Fourth Period (the period of later comedies or Dramatic Romances)?

A. 1588-1593
B. 1594-1600
C. 1601-1608
D. 1608-1612

Q6. How does the temper of Shakespeare's work change again in the Fourth Period?

A. It becomes even darker and more depressing
B. The heavy clouds roll away, evil is controlled/conquered by good, and a tender, gracious tone prevails
C. He returns to writing history plays
D. He writes exclusively in prose

Q7. What is true of Shakespeare's dramatic powers in the Fourth Period?

A. They reach their absolute peak
B. They show a decline, often being careless in construction and unsatisfactory in characterization
C. They are exactly the same as the Third Period
D. They are superior to everything else he ever wrote

Q8. Which three plays are entirely Shakespeare's from this final period?

A. Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear
B. Cymbeline, The Tempest, The Winter's Tale
C. Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Much Ado
D. Richard II, Richard III, Henry V

Q9. Which play from the Fourth Period was completed by his younger contemporary and friend, Fletcher?

A. The Tempest
B. Pericles
C. Henry VIII
D. Cymbeline

Q10. Does the author agree that Shakespeare was so entirely a dramatist that no trace of his own thoughts is found in his work?

A. Yes, absolutely
B. No, the author is certain the work tells us much about Shakespeare's life and character
C. The author does not comment on this
D. The author believes Shakespeare didn't exist

▶ Page 67 - Characteristics of Shakespeare's Works

Q1. How does Shakespeare's body of work rank in English literature?

A. As the most obscure
B. As the greatest single body of work contributed by any writer
C. As historically inaccurate
D. As purely derivative of French plays

Q2. What is described as perhaps the most salient feature of Shakespeare's plays?

A. Their astonishing variety and versatility
B. Their strict adherence to classical rules
C. Their consistent use of Latin dialogue
D. Their focus solely on comedy

Q3. How is Shakespeare's ability to digest thought into phraseology described?

A. He struggled to find the right words
B. He was not very original, but phrased things so memorably that he is the most often quoted writer
C. He only quoted other people
D. He wrote entirely in unrhymed prose

Q4. What is unparalleled about Shakespeare's characterization?

A. His characters are all completely flawless
B. He created so many men and women who feel absolutely and completely alive
C. His characters never speak
D. His characters are all gods and mythological beings

Q5. How large is Shakespeare's computed vocabulary?

A. 1,000 words
B. 5,000 words
C. 15,000 words
D. 50,000 words

Q6. How does Shakespeare's vocabulary size compare to Milton's?

A. It is exactly the same
B. Milton's is twice as large
C. Milton's contains scarcely more than half that number
D. Milton did not write in English

Q7. What is a noted limitation or defect of Shakespeare's writing?

A. He never wrote tragedies
B. He wrote hurriedly, often showing signs of hasty and ill-considered production
C. He only wrote for the King
D. He refused to use stage props

Q8. Why did Shakespeare sometimes sacrifice consistency of character and the finer demands of art?

A. To save ink and paper
B. To achieve a telling theatrical effect on the actual stage
C. Because he disliked his actors
D. Because the Queen ordered him to

Q9. What does the occasional coarseness in Shakespeare's plays reflect?

A. His aristocratic upbringing
B. The low taste of the 'groundlings' to whom he had to appeal
C. The influence of French theater
D. A complete lack of education

Q10. Despite faults like crude psychology in places or bombastic language, how do they compare to his paramount qualities?

A. They completely ruin his work
B. They are small things in comparison to qualities that give him the first place among world dramatists
C. They make his plays unreadable today
D. They are his most celebrated features

▶ Page 68 - Ben Jonson (Part 1)

Q1. Who is considered the most important of Shakespeare's contemporaries in the annals of the stage?

A. Christopher Marlowe
B. Ben Jonson
C. John Webster
D. Francis Beaumont

Q2. Why were the aims and principles of Ben Jonson's work fundamentally different from Shakespeare's?

A. He only wrote tragedies
B. He took Latin comedy as his model and repudiated the lawlessness of romantic drama
C. He wrote entirely in French
D. He refused to write for the stage

Q3. Where was Ben Jonson educated, laying the foundation for his sound classical scholarship?

A. Oxford University
B. Cambridge University
C. Westminster Grammar School
D. Eton College

Q4. With what satiric comedy did Ben Jonson open his career as a dramatist in 1598?

A. Volpone
B. The Alchemist
C. Every Man in his Humour
D. Sejanus

Q5. What happened to Jonson's fortunes with the accession of Charles I?

A. He became the richest man in England
B. A decline set in; he suffered neglect, poverty, and ill-health
C. He was crowned King of Ireland
D. He moved to America

Q6. When did Ben Jonson die?

A. 1616
B. 1625
C. 1637
D. 1642

Q7. Which group of Jonson's plays are described as very learned, very laborious, and very dull?

A. His court masques
B. His historical tragedies (Sejanus and Catiline)
C. His comedies
D. His sonnets

Q8. Which of the following is considered part of the best and most significant of Jonson's production?

A. The Alchemist, Volpone, and Epicoene
B. Sejanus and Catiline
C. Hamlet and Macbeth
D. The Faerie Queene

Q9. Unlike the world of romance in Shakespeare's comedies, what world does Jonson depict as a realist?

A. Ancient Greece
B. Contemporary London life
C. Mythological forests
D. Feudal France

Q10. In addition to depicting to amuse, what is Jonson's aim regarding the moral functions of the stage?

A. To encourage rebellion
B. To correct and teach (didactic realism)
C. To promote paganism
D. To eliminate all religion

▶ Page 69 - Ben Jonson (Part 2) & Other Dramatists

Q1. On what idea is Jonson's characterization based?

A. That men are complex and unpredictable
B. That each man is possessed and governed by some one particular quality or 'master passion'
C. That everyone is entirely good or entirely evil
D. That characters must be based on real historical kings

Q2. What does Jonson call this 'master passion' that he builds a character out of?

A. A humor
B. A conceit
C. A tragedy
D. A virtue

Q3. Reverting to the old morality method, what does Jonson often do with his characters?

A. He makes them all animals
B. He labels them with names that indicate their special 'humours' (e.g., Sir Epicure Mammon)
C. He refuses to name them
D. He makes them all ghosts

Q4. Which of the following describes the nature of Jonson's comedies?

A. Full of spontaneous charm and magic
B. Products of learning, skill, and conscientious effort where intellect predominates
C. Written entirely in rhymed verse
D. Light, airy, and romantic

Q5. Historically, Ben Jonson is extremely important as the real founder of what?

A. The romantic drama
B. The Comedy of Manners
C. The historical chronicle play
D. The mystery play

Q6. Which lesser playwright was a dramatist of sombre cast of genius whose love of the violent often led to sensationalism?

A. John Fletcher
B. John Webster
C. Philip Massinger
D. James Shirley

Q7. Name two famous plays by John Webster containing scenes of tragic passion unrivalled outside Shakespeare.

A. The White Devil and Duchess of Malfi
B. Philaster and The Maid's Tragedy
C. The Broken Heart
D. A New Way to Pay Old Debts

Q8. Which playwright showed a similar tendency towards repulsive subjects but used pathos in works like 'The Broken Heart'?

A. John Ford
B. Francis Beaumont
C. John Fletcher
D. James Shirley

Q9. Which two playwrights are almost always associated because they did much work in collaboration?

A. Webster and Ford
B. Beaumont and Fletcher
C. Massinger and Shirley
D. Sackville and Norton

Q10. Which play by Philip Massinger reached a high level in comedy?

A. The Maid's Tragedy
B. A New Way to Pay Old Debts
C. The White Devil
D. Philaster

▶ Page 70 - End of the Drama & Playhouses (Part 1)

Q1. Who was referred to by Charles Lamb as 'the last of a great race' of dramatists, belonging to Charles I's reign?

A. John Ford
B. James Shirley
C. John Webster
D. Philip Massinger

Q2. What becomes apparent in the dramatists by the time we reach the end of this period?

A. The drama reaches its absolute pinnacle of perfection
B. The decline of the drama; old creative power is gone and the stage yields to immorality
C. Playwrights stop writing tragedies
D. All plays become strictly religious again

Q3. In the early years of the regular drama, where had plays typically been performed?

A. In massive stone amphitheaters
B. In inn yards and other open spaces
C. Exclusively inside churches
D. Only inside the King's palace

Q4. When were the first two permanent playhouses built in London?

A. 1500
B. 1564
C. 1576
D. 1616

Q5. What were the names of these first two permanent playhouses?

A. The Globe and The Swan
B. The Theatre and the Curtain
C. The Rose and The Hope
D. The Blackfriars and The Red Bull

Q6. Why were the playhouses not built within the boundaries of London proper?

A. There was no space left
B. The civic authorities would not permit their erection within their boundaries
C. They wanted to be closer to the King's palace
D. It was too expensive

Q7. By the end of Elizabeth's reign, at least how many playhouses were in existence?

A. Two
B. Five
C. Eleven
D. Twenty

Q8. With which two playhouses was Shakespeare very closely connected?

A. The Theatre and the Curtain
B. The Globe and the Blackfriars
C. The Swan and The Rose
D. The Hope and the Fortune

Q9. Why were actors forced to enroll themselves in companies as 'servants' of influential patrons?

A. To receive a royal salary
B. In order to avoid being treated as 'rogues and vagabonds'
C. Because they were legally slaves
D. To avoid paying taxes

Q10. What company did Shakespeare belong to?

A. The Queen's Players
B. The Lord Admiral's Servants
C. Lord Leicester's Servants (afterwards the Lord Chamberlain's)
D. The Earl of Oxford's Men

▶ Page 71 - Playhouses (Part 2)

Q1. What was the shape and primary building material of these early playhouses?

A. Square and made of stone
B. Round or hexagonal, mainly of wood
C. Triangular and made of brick
D. Rectangular and made of glass

Q2. How much of the playhouse was roofed in with thatch?

A. The entire building
B. None of it
C. Only the stage and the boxes (the rest was open to the sky)
D. Only the 'yard' or pit

Q3. Who frequented the boxes or 'rooms'?

A. The 'groundlings'
B. The wealthier and more aristocratic play-goers
C. The actors
D. The musicians only

Q4. Where did the 'groundlings' watch the play?

A. In the boxes
B. On the stage
C. In the 'yard' or pit, where no seats were provided
D. Outside the theater

Q5. How much movable painted scenery was used on the Shakespearean stage?

A. None, it was practically nonexistent until after the Commonwealth
B. Extensive, highly detailed backdrops
C. Scenery was used but only for comedies
D. They used projected images

Q6. How did the audience know where a scene was supposed to be laid?

A. The actors handed out printed maps
B. Through descriptive passages in the dialogue and placards hung out (e.g., 'This is a wood')
C. By the color of the actors' costumes
D. A narrator read the scene locations before the play began

Q7. What was the small structure at the back of the stage (balcony and open space beneath) used for?

A. Serving food to the groundlings
B. The balcony stood for an elevated place (walls, upper house); space beneath for interior scenes
C. Storing the horses
D. Hiding the Queen

Q8. When did performances generally begin and how long did they last?

A. 9 AM, lasting all day
B. Midnight, lasting 4 hours
C. About three in the afternoon, lasting some two hours
D. Sunset, lasting until dawn

Q9. Who played women's parts on the Shakespearean stage?

A. Famous actresses from France
B. The playwrights themselves
C. Boys and young men specially trained for the purpose
D. Women, but only in comedies

Q10. Did everyone prefer women acting once they finally appeared on English boards after the Restoration?

A. Yes, everyone immediately loved it
B. No, some people like the diarist Pepys regretted the change from boy actresses
C. Women were banned again shortly after
D. No one noticed the change

▶ Page 72 - Note on the Drama

Q1. According to the note on page 72, where can the Table of the Drama of the Age of Shakespeare be found?

A. Pages 1-5
B. Pages 76-8
C. Pages 100-105
D. At the very end of the book

Q2. The Age of Shakespeare is commonly subdivided into how many divisions as mentioned previously?

A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

Q3. The first division of the Age of Shakespeare is often called the 'springtide' or what else?

A. The time of decline
B. The time of preparation
C. The time of full fruition
D. The age of prose

Q4. Which term properly applies to the third division of the Age of Shakespeare (the reign of James I)?

A. Elizabethan
B. Jacobean
C. Tudor
D. Caroline

Q5. Which monarch's death marked the end of the Age of Shakespeare in 1625?

A. Queen Elizabeth
B. King James I
C. King Charles I
D. King Henry VIII

▶ Page 73 - Prose Fiction and Romance

Q1. Did the Age of Shakespeare produce what we specifically call the 'novel' (the long story of contemporary life)?

A. Yes, it was invented by Shakespeare
B. No, this was not established in English literature until more than a century later
C. Yes, Ben Jonson wrote the first one
D. No, novels have never existed in English literature

Q2. What gave a stimulus to the development of prose fiction during this age?

A. The invention of the printing press
B. The work of translators who familiarized the public with Spanish/Italian romances and novelle
C. A royal decree demanding prose
D. The banning of all poetry

Q3. What secondary interest do Italian novelle (short stories) have in English literary history?

A. They were written by the Pope
B. They were the sources upon which Elizabethan dramatists (including Shakespeare) often drew for plots
C. They were used to train soldiers
D. They were the only books allowed in schools

Q4. Name a popular collection of adapted/imitated stories from this era.

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. William Painter's 'Palace of Pleasure'
C. The Faerie Queene
D. The Decameron

Q5. Who wrote the most important prose romance of the period, 'Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit'?

A. William Shakespeare
B. John Lyly
C. Christopher Marlowe
D. Sir Philip Sidney

Q6. In what year was the first part of 'Euphues' published, making it exactly contemporary with Spenser's Shepheardes Calender?

A. 1550
B. 1579
C. 1600
D. 1616

Q7. What is the title of the sequel to 'Euphues' published the following year?

A. Euphues in Paris
B. Euphues and his England
C. The Return of Euphues
D. Euphues' Tragedy

Q8. Where does the young Athenian named Euphues travel to in the first part of the story?

A. London
B. Naples
C. Rome
D. Venice

Q9. Who does Euphues become intimate friends with in Naples?

A. Philautus
B. Romeo
C. Hamlet
D. Othello

Q10. How is the narrative structure of the first part of 'Euphues' described?

A. Action-packed and violent
B. A sort of love-story, but without action; narrative is an excuse for endless discourses and moralisings
C. A strict historical documentary
D. A collection of short poems

▶ Page 74 - Euphuism

Q1. In the second part of Euphues, how does the protagonist describe England?

A. As a terrible, savage wasteland
B. So unqualified in its praise that it seems like a paradise with inhabitants embodying all virtues
C. As completely ordinary and boring
D. As constantly at war

Q2. How popular was Euphues?

A. It was a complete failure
B. It was moderately successful only in London
C. Its popularity was extraordinary; it went through ten editions in half a century
D. It was banned immediately upon publication

Q3. How did the ladies of the court use 'Euphues'?

A. As a cookbook
B. As a moral handbook, a guide to polite behavior, and a model of elegance in speech/writing
C. As a manual for sword fighting
D. They refused to read it

Q4. What is Lyly's unique prose style called?

A. Miltonism
B. Euphuism
C. Romanticism
D. Classicism

Q5. Euphuism was an attempt to do what to the vernacular tongue?

A. Make it simpler and more concise
B. Lift and refine it through extreme elaboration and artifice
C. Replace it entirely with Latin
D. Eliminate all adjectives

Q6. What is perhaps the outstanding feature of Euphuism?

A. The complete lack of punctuation
B. The excessive use of balanced antithesis
C. The use of strict rhyming couplets in prose
D. Constant swearing

Q7. Give an example of balanced antithesis used in the text.

A. 'To be or not to be'
B. 'As you may suspect me of idleness... so you may convince me of lightness...'
C. 'It was the best of times, it was the worst of times'
D. 'All the world's a stage'

Q8. With what other rhetorical device is balanced antithesis frequently combined in Lyly's style?

A. Alliteration (e.g., 'shrined thee in my heart as a trusty friend... shun thee as a trothless foe')
B. Onomatopoeia
C. Irony
D. Understatement

Q9. What does Lyly indulge freely in besides antithesis and alliteration?

A. Similes, word-play, and punning
B. Mathematical equations
C. Historical citations
D. Blank verse

Q10. What is Lyly's fondness for 'non-natural natural history'?

A. Writing about real, scientifically proven animals
B. Writing natural history based not on science, but on myth and fable (e.g., gems inside dragons)
C. Refusing to mention nature at all
D. Writing only about plants, never animals

▶ Page 75 - Sidney, Lodge, Greene, and Nash

Q1. What famous Shakespearean quote is an example of the same fantastic pseudo-science found in Euphuism?

A. 'A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!'
B. Describing the toad as 'ugly and venomous' but wearing 'a precious jewel in his head'
C. 'Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?'
D. 'Beware the Ides of March'

Q2. What is considered the second most important Elizabethan prose romance?

A. Utopia
B. Sir Philip Sidney's 'Arcadia'
C. The Faerie Queene
D. Robinson Crusoe

Q3. How does the plot of 'Arcadia' compare to 'Euphues'?

A. It also has practically no story
B. Unlike Euphues, it is full of incident and complication (episodes within episodes)
C. It is much shorter and simpler
D. It is entirely a true historical account

Q4. What makes Sidney's prose style in 'Arcadia' wearisome in the long run?

A. It is too simple and childish
B. Its total want of simplicity and restraint (it is extremely ornate and poetical)
C. It uses too much scientific jargon
D. It is written completely without vowels

Q5. Which two 'University Wits' have importance as writers of romance with styles fashioned upon Lyly?

A. Marlowe and Kyd
B. Lodge and Greene
C. Nash and Jonson
D. Beaumont and Fletcher

Q6. Why are Lodge's 'Rosalynde' and Greene's 'Pandosto' still of interest today?

A. They are the greatest novels ever written
B. Because of their connection with Shakespeare (they furnished raw materials for As You Like It and The Winter's Tale)
C. Because they were banned by the Queen
D. They were the first books ever printed in English

Q7. Thomas Nash gave a distinct lead in the direction of what style of fiction?

A. High romance
B. Realism of a coarse description
C. Pastoral poetry
D. Religious allegory

Q8. What is the title of Thomas Nash's rambling record of adventure on the continent?

A. The Unfortunate Traveller, or The Life of Jack Wilton
B. The Pilgrim's Progress
C. Gulliver's Travels
D. Don Quixote

Q9. 'The Unfortunate Traveller' is our earliest English example of what type of novel?

A. The gothic novel
B. The picaresque novel (or novel of rascality)
C. The epistolary novel
D. The historical novel

Q10. In what country was the picaresque novel already popular before Nash?

A. France
B. Germany
C. Spain
D. Italy

▶ Page 76 - Francis Bacon (Part 1)

Q1. Was the English literature of the Age of Shakespeare entirely a literature of the imagination?

A. Yes, completely
B. No, the Renaissance stimulated intellectual prose works as well
C. No, imagination was outlawed
D. Yes, science did not exist yet

Q2. Who is considered the principal prose master of his time?

A. William Shakespeare
B. John Lyly
C. Francis Bacon
D. Thomas Nash

Q3. What did the Queen jestingly call Francis Bacon when he was a boy due to his precocity?

A. Her 'little philosopher'
B. Her 'young lord keeper'
C. Her 'master of prose'
D. Her 'court jester'

Q4. What profession did Bacon choose when his father's death threw him upon his own resources?

A. The priesthood
B. The military
C. The law
D. Medicine

Q5. Under which monarch did Bacon rise rapidly in favor and fortune?

A. Queen Elizabeth
B. King James I
C. King Charles I
D. King Henry VIII

Q6. What high office did Bacon eventually achieve in 1618?

A. Archbishop of Canterbury
B. Lord Chancellor
C. Prime Minister
D. King of Scotland

Q7. What caused the sudden crash in Bacon's career?

A. He lost a war
B. He was impeached before the House of Lords on charges of official malpractice
C. He wrote a treasonous play
D. He assassinated a rival

Q8. What was Bacon's sentence upon impeachment?

A. A fine of £40,000, imprisonment, and banishment (though ultimately pardoned)
B. Execution by beheading
C. Exile to America
D. He was forced to become a monk

Q9. How did Francis Bacon die in 1626?

A. From the plague
B. In battle
C. From complications arising from a cold caught while making a scientific experiment
D. He was poisoned at court

Q10. How did Bacon view his own life's purpose?

A. Born purely to acquire wealth
B. Born for the service of mankind, to devote his powers to its advancement
C. Born to write the greatest plays in history
D. Born to destroy the monarchy

▶ Page 77 - Francis Bacon (Part 2)

Q1. Despite his stated purpose of serving mankind, what did Bacon often sacrifice his ideals for in practice?

A. The pursuit of pure poetry
B. Wealth, power, and the satisfaction of his inordinate ambitions
C. A quiet life in the country
D. Religious devotion

Q2. What are considered Bacon's greatest works, placing him in the front rank of the world's epoch-makers?

A. The Faerie Queene and Amoretti
B. Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum
C. Utopia and Morte d'Arthur
D. The Alchemist and Volpone

Q3. What do the Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum belong to the history of?

A. Science and philosophy (they illustrate the inductive method of studying nature)
B. Dramatic poetry
C. Religious allegory
D. Fictional romance

Q4. What is Francis Bacon's principal contribution to general literature?

A. A massive epic poem
B. His little collection of Essays (or Counsels Civil and Moral)
C. A dictionary of the English language
D. A translation of the Bible

Q5. The writing of Bacon's Essays was doubtless suggested by the 'Essais' of which great French thinker?

A. Voltaire
B. Montaigne
C. Rousseau
D. Descartes

Q6. How did Bacon use the word 'essay' (in its original etymological sense)?

A. As a long, exhaustive treatise
B. As equivalent to 'assay' - a trial or attempt (informal thoughts)
C. As a rhyming poem
D. As a dramatic script

Q7. What are the salient qualities of Bacon's Essays?

A. Extreme emotionalism and lack of logic
B. Extraordinary insight and sagacity (loaded with ripest wisdom of experience)
C. Deep religious mysticism
D. Complete historical inaccuracy

Q8. The wisdom inculcated in Bacon's Essays is on the whole of what kind?

A. A distinctly worldly kind
B. A purely spiritual kind
C. A naive, childish kind
D. A romantic kind

Q9. How is Bacon's prose style described despite his supposed aim for 'masculine and clear expression'?

A. Completely plain and without metaphor
B. Marked by general ornateness, fondness for imagery, love of analogy, and highly Latinised
C. Written entirely in rhyming couplets
D. Written in French

Q10. What is the most important characteristic of Bacon's style, giving it the description 'infinite riches in a little room'?

A. Its extreme length
B. Its marvellous terseness and epigrammatic force (packing thoughts into small spaces)
C. Its musical rhythm
D. Its use of dialogue

▶ Page 78 - Other Prose of the Period & Tables

Q1. Who wrote the vast and uncritical 'History of the World' (1614)?

A. Francis Bacon
B. Sir Walter Raleigh
C. John Foxe
D. Raphael Holinshed

Q2. Who wrote the 'History of the Reign of Henry VII' (1622)?

A. William Shakespeare
B. Francis Bacon
C. Raphael Holinshed
D. Richard Hakluyt

Q3. What is John Foxe known for writing in 1563?

A. Chronicles of England
B. Acts and Monuments (or Book of Martyrs)
C. Ecclesiastical Polity
D. The Faerie Queene

Q4. Which historical work did Shakespeare often lay under contribution for his historical plays?

A. Raleigh's History of the World
B. Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland
C. Foxe's Book of Martyrs
D. Hakluyt's Voyages

Q5. Which famous work is an example of the literature of travel that flourished during this time of adventure?

A. Bacon's Essays
B. Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries
C. Sidney's Arcadia
D. More's Utopia

Q6. Who wrote the masterly 'Ecclesiastical Polity' (1594-97), noted for a style generally plainer than most contemporary prose?

A. Richard Hooker
B. Francis Bacon
C. John Donne
D. Thomas Cranmer

Q7. What profoundly influential religious text was published in 1611?

A. The Book of Common Prayer
B. The Authorised Version of the Bible
C. The 95 Theses
D. The Vulgate

Q8. What does the development of the literature of criticism during this era signify?

A. That people were losing interest in reading
B. That people were beginning to be interested in the forms and principles of literature as an art
C. That poetry was being outlawed
D. That only prose was now accepted

Q9. What is the best known of these early treatises of criticism, written about 1581?

A. Sidney's Apologie for Poetrie
B. Webbe's Discourse of English Poetrie
C. Puttenham's Arte of English Poesie
D. Bacon's Novum Organum

Q10. According to the Table, when was the first English comedy in prose (Gascoigne's Supposes) published?

A. 1558
B. 1561
C. 1566
D. 1576

▶ Page 79 - Tables of the Age of Shakespeare (Part 1)

Q1. According to the table, what event occurred in 1576 under the Drama column?

A. Shakespeare was born
B. First London playhouses built
C. The Globe Theatre was built
D. The theatres were closed

Q2. In what year was Gascoigne's 'Steele Glas' published?

A. 1559
B. 1566
C. 1576
D. 1579

Q3. In what year were Holinshed's Chronicles published?

A. 1563
B. 1570
C. 1577
D. 1581

Q4. The 'Later Elizabethan Period' spans from 1579 to what year?

A. 1588
B. 1593
C. 1603
D. 1625

Q5. Which three major works were all published in 1579, marking the start of the Later Elizabethan Period?

A. Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear
B. The Shepheardes Calender, Lyly's first comedy Endymion, and Lyly's Euphues
C. Faery Queene, Arcadia, Astrophel
D. Gorboduc, Roister Doister, Four Ps

Q6. According to the table, when were Sidney's Arcadia and Apologie for Poetrie written?

A. About 1570
B. About 1581
C. About 1590
D. About 1603

Q7. When did Christopher Marlowe write his first tragedy, Tamburlaine the Great?

A. 1579
B. 1587
C. 1593
D. 1600

Q8. What years span Shakespeare's First Period according to the table?

A. 1579-1588
B. 1588-1593
C. 1594-1600
D. 1601-1608

Q9. Who wrote 'Pandosto' in 1588, which later became source material for Shakespeare?

A. Thomas Lodge
B. Robert Greene
C. Thomas Nash
D. John Lyly

Q10. Who wrote the 'Discourse of English Poetrie' in 1586?

A. George Puttenham
B. William Webbe
C. Philip Sidney
D. Francis Bacon

▶ Page 80 - Tables of the Age of Shakespeare (Part 2)

Q1. In what year were the first three books of Spenser's Faery Queene published?

A. 1586
B. 1590
C. 1596
D. 1599

Q2. What significant event in the dramatic world happened in 1593?

A. Shakespeare was born
B. The Globe was built
C. The Death of Marlowe
D. The theatres were closed

Q3. What years cover Shakespeare's Second Period?

A. 1588-1593
B. 1594-1600
C. 1600-1608
D. 1608-1612

Q4. When was the first edition of Bacon's Essays (containing ten essays) published?

A. 1588
B. 1594
C. 1597
D. 1603

Q5. What was Ben Jonson's first play, performed in 1598?

A. The Alchemist
B. Volpone
C. Every Man in his Humour
D. Sejanus

Q6. When was the Globe Theatre built?

A. 1576
B. 1588
C. 1599
D. 1616

Q7. What year did Edmund Spenser die?

A. 1593
B. 1599
C. 1603
D. 1616

Q8. What years cover the 'Jacobean Period'?

A. 1558-1603
B. 1579-1603
C. 1603-1625
D. 1625-1649

Q9. Which dramatist died in 1606 during the Jacobean period?

A. Marlowe
B. Shakespeare
C. Lyly
D. Jonson

Q10. When did Beaumont and Fletcher begin producing their plays according to the table?

A. 1594
B. 1600
C. 1607
D. 1616

▶ Page 81 - Tables & Notes (Jacobean Period)

Q1. What years span Shakespeare's Fourth Period (his final period of dramatic romances)?

A. 1594-1600
B. 1600-1608
C. 1608-1612
D. 1612-1616

Q2. In what year were Shakespeare's Sonnets published?

A. 1594
B. 1599
C. 1609
D. 1623

Q3. What monumental translation was published in 1611?

A. The English translation of Homer
B. The Authorised Version of the Bible
C. The translation of Seneca's tragedies
D. The English translation of Dante

Q4. When did Shakespeare and Francis Beaumont both die?

A. 1606
B. 1612
C. 1616
D. 1625

Q5. When was the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays published?

A. 1616 (the year of his death)
B. 1623
C. 1630
D. 1650

Q6. When did John Fletcher die?

A. 1616
B. 1623
C. 1625
D. 1637

Q7. How many essays were in the third edition of Bacon's Essays, published in 1625?

A. 10
B. 25
C. 58
D. 100

Q8. According to the footnote on page 81, what does the Spanish word 'picaro' mean?

A. A hero
B. A rogue
C. A priest
D. A traveler

Q9. Which author's work 'Polyolbion' spans the dates 1613-1622 in the table?

A. Raleigh
B. Drayton
C. Bacon
D. Webster

Q10. Which period concludes with the deaths of Fletcher and King James I in 1625?

A. The Early Elizabethan Period
B. The Later Elizabethan Period
C. The Jacobean Period
D. The Caroline Period

▶ Page 82 - The Age of Milton and Puritanism

Q1. What period of time does the 'Age of Milton' cover in the text?

A. 1558-1603
B. 1603-1625
C. 1625-1660
D. 1660-1700

Q2. What is the principal historical feature of the Age of Milton for the student of literature?

A. The rise of the British Empire in India
B. The growth of Puritanism as a moral/social force and its establishment as the controlling power in the state
C. The Renaissance reaching its absolute peak
D. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Q3. Why were radicals dissatisfied with the religious settlement accomplished by Archbishop Parker during the Reformation?

A. They felt it was too radical
B. They held that the Church of England did not differ sufficiently from the Church of Rome
C. They wanted to reinstate the Pope
D. They wanted entirely secular government

Q4. Which famous figure from Geneva greatly influenced these dissentients?

A. Martin Luther
B. John Calvin
C. Thomas Aquinas
D. Erasmus

Q5. What were these dissentients united in their hostility toward?

A. The King and Parliament
B. The episcopal form of ecclesiastical government and remnants of Popery in public worship
C. The translation of the Bible
D. Scientific discovery

Q6. Because they advocated very strict views concerning life and conduct, what did these dissentients come to be called?

A. Anglicans
B. Catholics
C. Puritans
D. Methodists

Q7. How did the name 'Puritan' originate around the year of Shakespeare's birth?

A. As a title of high honor
B. It was at first used in derision, though soon accepted as a descriptive term
C. It was given to them by the Pope
D. They coined it themselves in a manifesto

Q8. During whose reign did the uncompromising spirit of the Puritans spread steadily among the middle classes?

A. Henry VIII
B. Queen Mary
C. James I
D. Charles II

Q9. Was it during the reign of James I that Puritanism emerged as a great national power?

A. Yes, he championed their cause
B. No, it was not till the time of his successor (Charles I) that it emerged as a great national power
C. Yes, he converted to Puritanism
D. No, it didn't emerge until the 18th century

Q10. Who were the true descendants of Wyclif and the Lollards?

A. The Jesuits
B. The Puritans
C. The Royalists
D. The Humanists

▶ Page 83 - The Rise of Puritanism

Q1. What behavior of the upper classes helped increase the moral and social influence of Puritanism?

A. Their extreme piety
B. Their fast-growing flippancy and profligacy, which drew serious men to the Puritan side
C. Their dedication to public education
D. Their support of foreign wars

Q2. Whose high-handed policy and determination to enforce his will by persecution brought all enemies of episcopacy into line?

A. Archbishop Parker
B. Archbishop Laud
C. Oliver Cromwell
D. King James I

Q3. What actions by King Charles I made the Puritans intolerant of earthly tyranny?

A. His conversion to Catholicism
B. His monstrous encroachments upon the rights of the Commons and constitutional privileges of the people
C. His refusal to go to war
D. His abdication of the throne

Q4. What role did Puritanism play during this critical time in England's history?

A. It became a political force and the great custodian and defender of jeopardised liberties
B. It allied with Spain to destroy England
C. It surrendered all power to the King
D. It focused solely on writing poetry

Q5. With whose triumph did Puritanism become supreme during the Commonwealth?

A. King Charles I
B. Oliver Cromwell
C. John Milton
D. Archbishop Laud

Q6. How does the author characterize the spirit that Puritanism introduced to English life?

A. Fine and noble, but hard and stern
B. Joyful and romantic
C. Completely chaotic and lawless
D. Purely scientific and rational

Q7. While admiring the Puritan's integrity, what does the author deplore about them?

A. Their lack of religious faith
B. Their fanaticism, moroseness, and the narrowness of their outlook and sympathies
C. Their love of the theater
D. Their cowardice in battle

Q8. How did Puritanism generally view the science, art, knowledge, and beauty of secular life?

A. It championed and funded them
B. It generally neglected, and often expressly denounced them
C. It tried to merge them with religion
D. It ignored them completely without comment

Q9. What effect did Puritanism have on humane culture and literature?

A. It destroyed humane culture and was almost fatal to literature
B. It caused a golden age of literature
C. It had absolutely no effect on literature
D. It only promoted comedic plays

Q10. Who was the greatest product of Puritanism in English literature, able to transcend its limitations?

A. Oliver Cromwell
B. John Milton
C. John Bunyan
D. Thomas Hobbes

▶ Page 84 - John Milton's Early Life

Q1. In what way did Milton's work differ from strict Puritanism?

A. It was entirely Catholic
B. The moral and religious influences of Puritanism were combined with the generous culture of the Renaissance
C. He rejected religion entirely
D. He wrote only about political strategy

Q2. When and where was John Milton born?

A. 9th December 1608, in London
B. 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon
C. 1625, in Cambridge
D. 1599, in Oxford

Q3. Despite being strongly Puritan, what did Milton's father love, which gave the child a cultivated home?

A. Hunting and sports
B. Literature and art
C. Foreign travel
D. Military history

Q4. Where was Milton educated?

A. St. Paul's School and Christ's College, Cambridge
B. Westminster School and Oxford
C. Eton and the University of Paris
D. He was entirely self-taught

Q5. Why did Milton decide not to enter the church, as had been intended for him?

A. He failed his theology exams
B. He realized he could not conscientiously enter it, deciding instead to give himself up to self-culture and poetry
C. He was banished by the King
D. The church refused to accept him

Q6. Where did Milton spend six years of almost uninterrupted seclusion pursuing his studies?

A. In a monastery in France
B. In the country house of his family at Horton, Buckinghamshire
C. In a small apartment in London
D. In a castle in Scotland

Q7. What was the result of Milton's untiring devotion to learning during his youth and time at Horton?

A. He went mad
B. He became a very great scholar, standing head and shoulders above all our other poets in erudition
C. He forgot how to write poetry
D. He became a famous scientist

Q8. Why must Milton's scholarship be carefully marked when studying his poetry?

A. Because his poetry is entirely scientific
B. Because his learning everywhere nourishes and interpenetrates his poetic work
C. Because he wrote all his poetry in Greek
D. Because he only wrote about history

Q9. Where did Milton go in May 1638 to complete his studies by travel?

A. America
B. Spain
C. Italy (by way of Paris)
D. Germany

Q10. Why was Milton prematurely recalled from his travels in Italy?

A. He ran out of money
B. News of the civil commotions in England; he thought it base to travel for amusement while his fellow-citizens fought for liberty
C. His father died
D. He was expelled by the Italian government

▶ Page 85 - Milton's Adulthood and Early Poetry

Q1. From 1640 onward, what cause was Milton increasingly active in supporting?

A. The Royalist cause
B. The Puritan cause against the Royalists
C. The French Revolution
D. The Spanish Inquisition

Q2. What position was Milton appointed to on the establishment of the Commonwealth?

A. Prime Minister
B. Latin Secretary to the Committee for Foreign Affairs
C. Archbishop of Canterbury
D. Lord Chancellor

Q3. What terrible calamity overtook Milton early in 1653, ruined by over-stress of work?

A. He went deaf
B. He became totally blind
C. He lost the use of his hands
D. He contracted the plague

Q4. What happened to Milton upon the restoration of the monarchy?

A. He was executed
B. He was made Poet Laureate
C. He was arrested and two of his books were publicly burnt by the hangman, but he was soon released
D. He fled to America

Q5. When were Milton's greatest works (Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes) published?

A. During his youth at Cambridge
B. During his time at Horton (1632-1638)
C. During the Commonwealth when he was Latin Secretary
D. Late in his life (1667 and 1671), while he was blind, poor, and lonely

Q6. When did John Milton die?

A. 8th November 1674
B. 1653
C. 1660
D. 1700

Q7. How many periods does Milton's work naturally fall into?

A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

Q8. Which poem is noted as a very remarkable production from his first (college) period?

A. Paradise Lost
B. Ode On the Morning of Christ's Nativity
C. L'Allegro
D. Lycidas

Q9. Which period contains four minor poems of such beauty they would have placed him high among English poets even without Paradise Lost?

A. The college period
B. The Horton period (1632-1638)
C. The period of prose writings
D. The late poetic period

Q10. Name the four great minor poems written during the Horton period.

A. Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, Areopagitica
B. L'Allegro, Il Penseroso, Comus, Lycidas
C. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth
D. Euphues, Arcadia, Astrophel, Amoretti

▶ Page 86 - Milton's Horton Poems

Q1. Read in the order of their writing, what do the Horton poems show taking place in Milton's mind?

A. A complete rejection of all religion
B. A profound change where the Puritan element gradually gained strength until it became dominant
C. A growing obsession with science
D. A desire to write only prose

Q2. Under what inspiration did Milton chiefly begin to write his earlier poetry?

A. Strict Puritan theology
B. The learning and art of the Renaissance
C. The scientific revolution
D. Medieval Catholicism

Q3. How do L'Allegro and Il Penseroso (the earliest of the Horton poems) reflect Puritanism?

A. They are strictly Puritan and denounce all pleasure
B. There is little that is characteristically Puritan, and much that is un-puritan (dwelling on romance, the playhouse, etc.)
C. They are religious sermons in verse
D. They call for the execution of the King

Q4. Which poem marks a distinct stage in the development of Milton's mind, where the Puritan spirit makes its influence felt?

A. L'Allegro
B. Il Penseroso
C. Comus
D. On the Morning of Christ's Nativity

Q5. On the literary side, what type of Renaissance drama is 'Comus' an example of?

A. A Senecan tragedy
B. A Comedy of Manners
C. A Mask (or Masque)
D. A Miracle Play

Q6. From where had the 'Mask' been brought into England?

A. France
B. Italy
C. Spain
D. Germany

Q7. What does Milton's willingness to write a Mask (Comus) prove about his views at the time?

A. That he hated the Renaissance
B. That he was still far from sharing the intense hostility of the Puritan party to everything connected with the drama
C. That he wanted to be a professional actor
D. That he was fully committed to the Royalist cause

Q8. Though written in the form of Renaissance art, what did Milton fill 'Comus' with?

A. A strenuous moral spirit and meaning
B. Coarse jokes and slapstick comedy
C. Purely political propaganda
D. Meaningless rhetorical devices

Q9. In the story of Comus, who lures away the lady lost in the woods?

A. A dragon
B. Comus and his band of revellers
C. A wicked witch
D. The King of Faery

Q10. Who rescues the lady in Comus?

A. A passing knight
B. Her brothers with the help of an attendant spirit
C. The King
D. She rescues herself

▶ Page 87 - Lycidas and Milton's Prose (Part 1)

Q1. What is the allegory in Milton's 'Comus' about?

A. The fall of man
B. Virtue attacked by sensuality and conquering by divine aid
C. The war in heaven
D. Political corruption in London

Q2. In Milton's poem 'Lycidas', what kind of Puritanism do we see?

A. A purely theological one
B. One that is political and ecclesiastical as well as spiritual and ethical
C. A complete rejection of Puritanism
D. A highly comedic one

Q3. Who is 'Lycidas' an elegy for?

A. Milton's wife, Mary Powell
B. Milton's father
C. Milton's college friend, Edward King
D. Oliver Cromwell

Q4. While the form of 'Lycidas' (pastoral elegy) belongs to the Renaissance, what does its famous attack upon the corrupt church proclaim?

A. Milton's adherence to the Catholic faith
B. Milton's adherence to the Puritan cause
C. Milton's desire to become King
D. Milton's hatred of all poetry

Q5. What did Milton do when he returned to England from the Continent in his 31st year?

A. He immediately wrote Paradise Lost
B. He threw himself into the fierce political and religious controversies of the hour
C. He became an actor on the public stage
D. He retired to the countryside to write sonnets

Q6. Because he gave his strength to his public duty in these controversies, what did Milton do for the next twenty years?

A. He wrote his greatest epic poetry
B. He turned from poetry entirely and continued active as a writer of prose
C. He wrote romantic comedies
D. He painted landscapes

Q7. How many sonnets did Milton produce during the prime of his manhood (a period equal to Shakespeare's whole dramatic career)?

A. About a dozen
B. 154
C. Over 300
D. None

Q8. How does the text describe Milton's prose works?

A. They are his greatest literary achievement
B. They are often marred by coarseness of phrase and intense bitterness of temper
C. They are light, comedic, and highly romantic
D. They are written entirely in Latin verse

Q9. What did Milton himself call his prose works?

A. The work of his 'right hand'
B. The work of his 'left hand'
C. His 'crowning glory'
D. His 'youthful folly'

Q10. Why is Milton's prose style described as heavy and cumbrous?

A. Because he used a typewriter
B. Because modern English prose had not yet come into existence (it featured long trailing sentences, Latin inversions)
C. Because he did not know English well
D. Because it was translated from French

▶ Page 88 - Areopagitica and Paradise Lost (Part 1)

Q1. Which of Milton's prose treatises stands apart as a great and noble work that every lover of liberty should read?

A. Paradise Lost
B. Areopagitica
C. Comus
D. The Anatomy of Wit

Q2. What is 'Areopagitica' directed against?

A. The monarchy
B. An order of Parliament which established a censorship of books
C. The Spanish Armada
D. The theater

Q3. 'Areopagitica' is essentially a plea for what?

A. Freedom of thought and speech
B. The restoration of the King
C. The banning of all poetry
D. Free trade

Q4. When did Milton finally find the leisure to write his greatest English poem, 'Paradise Lost'?

A. While he was at Cambridge
B. During the height of his political power in the Commonwealth
C. When the restoration of the monarchy drove him into private life and obscurity
D. When he was traveling in Italy

Q5. The inspiration and subject-matter of 'Paradise Lost' come from what?

A. Greek mythology
B. Milton's Puritanism and theology
C. English history
D. Arthurian legend

Q6. Upon the foundation of his theology, what does 'Paradise Lost' undertake to do?

A. 'To be or not to be'
B. 'Assert Eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to men'
C. 'Fools rush in where angels fear to tread'
D. 'Make the world safe for democracy'

Q7. While as a thinker and moralist Milton belonged completely to Puritanism in 'Paradise Lost', to what did he belong as an artist?

A. The Enlightenment
B. The Renaissance (in form, style, machinery, and method)
C. The Romantic Movement
D. The Victorian Era

Q8. What were Milton's avowed models for the form and style of 'Paradise Lost'?

A. Shakespeare's tragedies
B. The great epics of classical antiquity
C. French romances
D. Medieval mystery plays

Q9. What fact is of capital importance when considering 'Paradise Lost'?

A. That it was written as a comedy
B. That it is the greatest regular epic poem in modern literature written not on a classical, but on a theological/Christian subject
C. That it was never finished
D. That it was written entirely in Latin

Q10. How is the combination of influences in Milton summarized in 'Paradise Lost'?

A. A complete rejection of art in favor of religion
B. The zeal for righteousness (Puritanism) blended with the love of learning and passion for beauty (Renaissance/Humanism)
C. Pure science mixed with political satire
D. A rejection of Christianity in favor of paganism

▶ Page 89 - Milton's Later Poetry

Q1. Which of the following is NOT set forth in 'Paradise Lost'?

A. The revolt of Satan against God
B. The temptation of Christ in the wilderness
C. The fall of the rebel angels
D. The expulsion from Eden

Q2. What was the central purpose of 'Paradise Lost'?

A. To prove that Satan is the true hero
B. To show how 'man's first disobedience' brought sin and death in its train
C. To document English political history
D. To satirize the church

Q3. How does Milton choose to close 'Paradise Lost'?

A. On a note of evil completely triumphant
B. By prophetically introducing the divine work of redemption
C. With the destruction of the earth
D. With a comedic wedding

Q4. What sequel to 'Paradise Lost' did Milton write, covering the temptation of Christ in the wilderness?

A. Samson Agonistes
B. Paradise Regained
C. Comus
D. Lycidas

Q5. How do most modern readers view 'Paradise Regained' compared to its predecessor?

A. As vastly superior
B. As exactly equal in every way
C. As a very slight thing beside its gigantic predecessor
D. As the greatest comedy ever written

Q6. Which 'dramatic poem' crowns the labors of Milton's closing years?

A. Samson Agonistes
B. Paradise Regained
C. Areopagitica
D. L'Allegro

Q7. How is 'Samson Agonistes' fashioned?

A. As a romantic comedy
B. Strictly upon the principles of Greek tragedy
C. As a sequence of sonnets
D. As a prose novel

Q8. Why did Milton return to the story of Samson late in his life?

A. He wanted to write an action play
B. He saw in the blind, disappointed hero an image both of himself and of the overwhelmed Puritan cause
C. Because the King ordered him to
D. Because it was a popular trend

Q9. How does Milton rank among English poets?

A. He is completely forgotten today
B. After Shakespeare, he is the greatest English poet (the greatest outside the drama)
C. He is considered mediocre
D. He is only famous for his prose

Q10. In the judgment of critics, Milton is regarded as one of the three or four supreme poets of what?

A. His local town
B. The 17th Century
C. The World
D. Political satire

▶ Page 90 - Characteristics of Milton's Poetry

Q1. Which epithet is most naturally associated with Milton's poetry?

A. Comedic
B. Sublime
C. Satirical
D. Simplistic

Q2. What did Matthew Arnold call the style of which Milton is our one acknowledged master?

A. 'The grand style'
B. 'The romantic style'
C. 'The common style'
D. 'The gothic style'

Q3. Where is Milton's astonishing descriptive power highly evident?

A. In his sonnets about love
B. In the scenes in Hell in the opening books of Paradise Lost
C. In his political pamphlets
D. In his early college poems

Q4. Although lacking in true dramatic sense, what does the debate in the council of fallen angels show?

A. His hatred of politics
B. An extraordinary insight into motive and character
C. His ability to write comedy
D. His ignorance of theology

Q5. Though an epic is theoretically impersonal, how is Milton's epic characterized?

A. It is totally devoid of emotion
B. It is throughout instinct with the spirit of the man himself (intense individuality)
C. It feels as if a machine wrote it
D. It focuses entirely on minor characters

Q6. What quote is used to describe Milton's lofty temper and passionate moral earnestness?

A. 'A fool and his money are soon parted'
B. 'Whose soul was like a star, and dwelt apart'
C. 'To thine own self be true'
D. 'All the world's a stage'

Q7. What form did Milton use for 'Paradise Lost' that had not previously been used for any important non-dramatic poem?

A. Rhyme royal
B. Spenserian stanza
C. Blank verse (English heroic verse without rime)
D. Free verse

Q8. Who remains our greatest master of English heroic verse without rime?

A. Shakespeare
B. Milton
C. Marlowe
D. Spenser

Q9. What does the text say about Milton's touch as a consummate literary artist?

A. He is only good at vast general effects
B. His touch is as sure in delicate detail as in vast general effects
C. He struggled with small details
D. He only cared about the plot, not the words

Q10. How is Milton's personality sometimes described despite his greatness?

A. Warm, funny, and highly sociable
B. Narrow, hard, and austere
C. Completely laid-back and uncaring
D. Always confused and uncertain

▶ Page 91 - The Caroline Poets

Q1. Why is it difficult to establish a satisfactory order for the writers between 1625 and 1700?

A. Because no one knows when they lived
B. Because the Age of Milton and the Age of Dryden overlap in a broad way
C. Because all the records were destroyed in a fire
D. Because they all wrote anonymously

Q2. Under what term does the text group a number of verse writers roughly assigned to the reign of Charles I?

A. The Elizabethan Poets
B. The Caroline Poets
C. The Victorian Poets
D. The Romantic Poets

Q3. Did the Caroline poets stop producing work after the reign of Charles I ended?

A. Yes, they were all executed
B. No, many of them continued to produce through the years of the Commonwealth or even later
C. Yes, they were exiled to France
D. Yes, poetry was banned forever

Q4. What two types of poetry did the Caroline poets write?

A. Epic and Dramatic
B. Secular and Religious
C. Blank verse and Free verse
D. Political and Scientific

Q5. Who is considered the most important of the Caroline poets?

A. John Milton
B. Robert Herrick
C. Ben Jonson
D. William Shakespeare

Q6. What types of poetry did Robert Herrick write?

A. Only religious hymns
B. Both secular and religious poetry
C. Only long epic poems
D. Only political satires

Q7. Who was Robert Herrick an associate of in his early life?

A. William Shakespeare
B. Ben Jonson
C. Francis Bacon
D. Queen Elizabeth

Q8. What profession did Robert Herrick eventually enter?

A. The military
B. The law
C. The church
D. The theater

Q9. Where did Robert Herrick find himself banished to?

A. A Devonshire parsonage
B. America
C. Scotland
D. The Tower of London

Q10. What is the defining characteristic used in the text to group writers as 'Caroline Poets' regardless of dates?

A. Their political affiliation
B. The quality of their thought and style (belonging to the older generation)
C. Their religious denomination
D. Their place of birth

▶ Page 92 - Robert Herrick and the Cavalier Poets

Q1. Under what title was Robert Herrick's religious poetry published?

A. Hesperides
B. Noble Numbers
C. The Temple
D. Religious Emblems

Q2. Under what title was Robert Herrick's secular poetry published?

A. Hesperides
B. Noble Numbers
C. The Alchemist
D. Amoretti

Q3. What is a singular historical feature of Herrick's delightful, spontaneous secular poetry?

A. It was entirely written in Latin
B. Its complete detachment from the political interests of the hour (aloof from the tumult)
C. It heavily criticized the King
D. It was the only poetry allowed by the Puritans

Q4. What is the name of the group of Caroline poets whose inspiration was entirely or almost entirely secular?

A. The Puritan Poets
B. The Metaphysical Poets
C. The 'Cavalier' group
D. The University Wits

Q5. Which three principal names belong to the Cavalier group?

A. Milton, Donne, Jonson
B. Carew, Suckling, Lovelace
C. Herbert, Crashaw, Vaughan
D. Marlowe, Kyd, Lyly

Q6. How did the Cavalier poets treat their art?

A. They took it extremely seriously
B. They wrote in a lighter vein and made no pretence at treating their art seriously
C. They only wrote religious epics
D. They refused to publish their work

Q7. Who wrote 'To Althea from Prison'?

A. Thomas Carew
B. Sir John Suckling
C. Richard Lovelace
D. Andrew Marvell

Q8. Why is Andrew Marvell joined with the Cavalier poets despite his later political stances?

A. He was the King's brother
B. His earlier work exhibits many of the characteristics of the Cavalier school
C. He only wrote love poems
D. He never wrote about politics

Q9. Who is the most widely known of the Caroline poets who found their main interest in religion, author of 'The Temple'?

A. Richard Crashaw
B. Henry Vaughan
C. George Herbert
D. Francis Quarles

Q10. Whose sacred verse, though unequal and ruined by conceits at times, has far greater fire and passion than Herbert's?

A. Francis Quarles
B. Richard Crashaw
C. Henry Vaughan
D. Robert Herrick

▶ Page 93 - The Metaphysical Poets

Q1. Who is usually regarded as the chief representative of the 'metaphysical' school of poetry?

A. Abraham Cowley
B. John Milton
C. George Herbert
D. Thomas Carew

Q2. Which later critic first applied the name 'metaphysical' to this school of poetry?

A. Matthew Arnold
B. Samuel Johnson
C. Charles Lamb
D. John Dryden

Q3. According to Johnson, what was the whole endeavor of the metaphysical poets?

A. To write beautiful music
B. To copy nature and life
C. To show their learning
D. To inspire religious devotion

Q4. How does Johnson describe the thoughts of the metaphysical poets?

A. Obvious and just
B. Often new, but seldom natural; neither obvious nor just
C. Completely plagiarized from the Greeks
D. Entirely focused on politics

Q5. Which of the following is NOT a salient feature of the metaphysical group of writers?

A. Work packed with affectations and conceits
B. Clear, simple, and emotionally natural language
C. Strained metaphors and extravagant hyperbole
D. Substitution of philosophical subtleties for natural expression of feeling

Q6. As a result of their effort to surprise by novelty and ingenuity at any cost, how is their work generally described?

A. Smooth, calm, and soothing
B. Violent, harsh, cold, and obscure
C. Hilariously funny
D. Incredibly brief

Q7. Does the author believe the metaphysical poets completely lacked genius?

A. Yes, they had no talent at all
B. No, they occasionally give passages or poems of real power and beauty despite their vicious theories
C. Yes, they were just pretending to be poets
D. No, they are considered greater than Shakespeare

Q8. What frantic absurdity does the text use as an example from Crashaw regarding Mary Magdalene's eyes?

A. He called them 'stars of the night'
B. He called them 'two walking baths, two weeping motions, portable and compendious oceans'
C. He called them 'mirrors of the soul'
D. He called them 'black holes'

Q9. Why did English poetry go astray during this time, according to Johnson?

A. By voluntary deviation from nature in pursuit of something new and strange
B. Because of the Puritan ban on theaters
C. Because no one knew how to read
D. Because they were copying French styles exclusively

Q10. Who produced the last important works of the metaphysical school, later discarding much of the extravagance?

A. Richard Crashaw
B. Abraham Cowley
C. Thomas Traherne
D. George Herbert

▶ Page 94 - Traherne and Caroline Prose (Part 1)

Q1. Which slightly younger writer's manuscripts were lost to sight for nearly two hundred years after his death?

A. Thomas Traherne
B. Abraham Cowley
C. Jeremy Taylor
D. Izaak Walton

Q2. When were Thomas Traherne's 'Poems' finally published?

A. 1704
B. 1850
C. 1903
D. 2000

Q3. Besides being a great religious/metaphysical poet, what did Traherne's 'Centuries of Meditations' (1908) show?

A. That he was a great playwright
B. That he was a great prose writer also
C. That he was a scientist
D. That he was actually a woman

Q4. Which eloquent divine wrote the acknowledged religious prose classics 'Holy Living' and 'Holy Dying'?

A. Richard Baxter
B. Thomas Fuller
C. Jeremy Taylor
D. Sir Thomas Browne

Q5. Which Puritan wrote the classic 'The Saints' Everlasting Rest'?

A. Richard Baxter
B. Jeremy Taylor
C. John Milton
D. Francis Bacon

Q6. Which quaint, witty, and vivacious divine is best remembered today for his delightful miscellaneous 'Worthies of England'?

A. Jeremy Taylor
B. Thomas Fuller
C. Thomas Hobbes
D. Edward Hyde

Q7. What was the profession of Sir Thomas Browne, author of books full of varied and curious erudition?

A. A physician
B. A lawyer
C. A priest
D. An actor

Q8. What is Sir Thomas Browne's main title to fame (his personal confession of religious faith)?

A. The Saints' Everlasting Rest
B. Religio Medici
C. The Compleat Angler
D. Leviathan

Q9. Who wrote 'The Compleat Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Recreation'?

A. Sir Thomas Browne
B. Izaak Walton
C. Thomas Fuller
D. Richard Baxter

Q10. Why has 'The Compleat Angler' been popular with countless readers who care nothing for fishing?

A. Because of its complex political allegory
B. On account of its pleasant gossipy style and genuine rustic flavour
C. Because it is a violent tragedy
D. Because it contains hidden scientific formulas

▶ Page 95 - Caroline Prose (Part 2) & History

Q1. Who occupies the first place in history writing of this period with his 'History of the Great Rebellion'?

A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon
C. Izaak Walton
D. Richard Baxter

Q2. Why is Clarendon's 'History of the Great Rebellion' considered untrustworthy?

A. He made everything up
B. By reason of its royalist bias
C. Because he was a strict Puritan
D. Because it was written 200 years later

Q3. Despite its bias, why is Clarendon's history justly admired?

A. For its comedic value
B. For its stately diction and its skilful studies of character
C. Because it is extremely short
D. Because it is written in blank verse

Q4. Who wrote 'Leviathan', the most important political treatise inspired by the unrest of the time?

A. John Milton
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. Francis Bacon
D. Edward Hyde

Q5. What does Thomas Hobbes advocate for in 'Leviathan'?

A. Absolute anarchy
B. Strong central government
C. A pure democracy
D. The abolition of all government

Q6. Speaking generally of the prose writers of this time (including Milton), what is true of their style?

A. It is exactly like modern conversational English
B. We nowhere recognize in their style the characteristic tone and manner of our modern prose
C. They all wrote entirely in rhymed couplets
D. They refused to use punctuation

Q7. Which author's charming Essays have a great deal in common with the simpler and clearer way of writing that the Age of Dryden would soon introduce?

A. Abraham Cowley
B. John Milton
C. Jeremy Taylor
D. Thomas Hobbes

Q8. Where can the Table of the Literature of the Age of Milton be found in the book?

A. Pages 1-5
B. Pages 109-111
C. Pages 76-78
D. It is not in the book

Q9. According to the footnote, what is the origin of the term 'Caroline'?

A. It comes from the French word for poetry
B. From 'Carolus', Latin for Charles
C. From Queen Caroline
D. It means 'musical'

Q10. Which era was about to introduce a simpler and clearer way of prose writing?

A. The Age of Shakespeare
B. The Age of Dryden
C. The Age of Chaucer
D. The Victorian Era

▶ Page 96 - The Age of Dryden

Q1. What period does 'The Age of Dryden' cover?

A. 1558-1603
B. 1603-1625
C. 1625-1660
D. 1660-1700

Q2. What event brought an immense change in the general temper of the English people, starting this new age?

A. The defeat of the Spanish Armada
B. The Stuart Restoration
C. The signing of the Magna Carta
D. The Black Death

Q3. The Stuart Restoration was followed by a sweeping reaction against what?

A. The monarchy
B. Puritanism and everything it had stood for
C. Classicism
D. The French

Q4. Because of this reaction, what was too often cast aside along with religious fanaticism?

A. Art and literature
B. Moderation and decency
C. Education and science
D. The English language

Q5. How does the author describe the court of Charles II?

A. The most pious and devout in history
B. The most shameless this country has ever known
C. A center of strict Puritanical law
D. A perfect democracy

Q6. What became fashionable during the Age of Dryden?

A. Strict moral virtue
B. Infidelity and profligacy
C. Going to church daily
D. Refusing to wear jewelry

Q7. What happened to the moral ideals of Puritanism during this time?

A. They were strictly enforced by law
B. They were turned into jest, and those who upheld them were laughed at as hypocrites
C. Everyone adopted them secretly
D. They were completely forgotten without mention

Q8. Did this spirit of corruption remain only within the narrow circle of court and aristocracy?

A. Yes, the rest of the country was unaffected
B. No, the spirit of corruption spread far and wide, lowering the moral tone everywhere
C. No, it only affected the poor
D. Yes, the King kept it contained

Q9. What great principle of interpretation does this era perfectly illustrate?

A. That literature has nothing to do with history
B. That literature is a social product and inevitably reflects the life of the era out of which it springs
C. That poetry is only written by good people
D. That monarchs always write the best books

Q10. Based on these social conditions, what can be anticipated about the literature of the Age of Dryden?

A. It will be incredibly pure and religious
B. It will reflect the corruption, profligacy, and reaction against Puritanism of the time
C. It will focus only on nature
D. It will ignore society entirely

▶ Page 97 - The Restoration and French Influence

Q1. During the Restoration, what happened to poetry?

A. It reached its most emotional and imaginative heights
B. It became prosaic, was made to do the work of prose, and judged by the standards of prose
C. It was outlawed completely
D. It was only written in blank verse

Q2. Instead of exploring fairyland or mysteries like Spenser and Milton, what did poets of this era use their verse for?

A. For writing purely religious hymns
B. As the vehicle of argument, controversy, personal and political satire
C. For writing long, romantic epics
D. For writing scientific textbooks

Q3. The era of what began during this time, illustrating the changed mood?

A. The era of the short story
B. The era of the versified pamphlet
C. The era of the gothic novel
D. The era of free verse

Q4. Which country exerted a direct and powerful influence on English literature during the Restoration?

A. Italy
B. Spain
C. France
D. Germany

Q5. Contemporary French literature (the arbiter of taste) was characterized by what?

A. Wild emotionalism and total lack of form
B. Lucidity, vivacity, correctness, elegance, and finish
C. Dark, gothic horror and suspense
D. Deeply mystical religious allegory

Q6. French literature was essentially the literature of what?

A. The peasant class
B. Polite society (where intellect was ascendant and the critical faculty in control)
C. The priesthood
D. The military

Q7. What was the inevitable result of cultivating the principles of regularity, order, and good sense at the expense of feeling and spontaneity?

A. A new golden age of romanticism
B. The growth of an artificial type of poetry
C. The total death of the English language
D. A return to the style of Chaucer

Q8. What significant fact is stated regarding the men of the Restoration and English prose?

A. They abandoned prose entirely for poetry
B. They were the real creators of our modern English prose
C. They only wrote prose in Latin
D. They refused to write prose that was clear or understandable

Q9. How is the literature of the Restoration period described compared to earlier eras?

A. Intellectual rather than imaginative or emotional; a trifle hard and unsympathetic
B. The most emotional period in English history
C. Entirely focused on medieval legends
D. Completely lacking in any intellectual thought

Q10. Who has been called 'the greatest man of a little age' and was the one complete representative of this epoch?

A. John Milton
B. John Dryden
C. Edmund Waller
D. Sir John Denham

▶ Page 98 - Waller, Denham, and Dryden's Early Life

Q1. Which two writers are commonly considered the pioneers of the 'classic' school of poetry and the forerunners of Dryden?

A. Shakespeare and Marlowe
B. Edmund Waller and Sir John Denham
C. Milton and Spenser
D. Herrick and Lovelace

Q2. What were Waller and Denham leaders of?

A. The rebellion against the King
B. The reaction in taste against the excesses/obscurity of the metaphysical poets, in favor of good sense and neatness
C. The movement to ban poetry
D. The return to blank verse

Q3. On what side mainly do Waller and Denham possess historical importance?

A. They were the greatest playwrights of the era
B. They were the reformers of English versification at a time when it had become insufferably rugged and harsh
C. They invented the English novel
D. They translated the Bible

Q4. What did Dryden praise Edmund Waller for teaching?

A. 'The excellence and dignity of rime'
B. 'The beauty of blank verse'
C. 'The power of the sonnet'
D. 'The grace of the epic'

Q5. What was Waller's principal claim to distinction?

A. He wrote Paradise Lost
B. His reshaping of the heroic couplet (bringing into use the 'classic' or 'closed' form)
C. He invented the printing press
D. He was the first Poet Laureate

Q6. What is the rule of the 'classic' or 'closed' heroic couplet?

A. The sense flows on indefinitely for many lines
B. The sense habitually closes with the end of the second line (metrical and rhetorical pause come together)
C. It must not contain any rhymes
D. It must be written in French

Q7. Did Waller actually invent the closed couplet?

A. Yes, he was the first person ever to use it
B. No, Dryden was wrong; it had been used by earlier writers, but Waller led the new movement towards it
C. Yes, and he patented the form
D. No, it was invented by Shakespeare

Q8. In whose hands did the classic couplet first assume perfection?

A. Dryden
B. Waller
C. Pope
D. Denham

Q9. What descriptive poem is Sir John Denham chiefly remembered for?

A. Absalom and Achitophel
B. Cooper's Hill
C. Religio Laici
D. Annus Mirabilis

Q10. In what year was John Dryden born?

A. 1564
B. 1608
C. 1631
D. 1660

▶ Page 99 - Dryden's Career

Q1. Dryden's early poems 'Heroic Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell' (1659) and 'Astraea Redux' indicate what?

A. His unwavering loyalty to the Puritans
B. A rapid change of front (as he celebrated the restoration of Charles II shortly after Cromwell's death)
C. His refusal to write about politics
D. His hatred of the monarchy

Q2. Why did Dryden begin working for the stage in 1663?

A. He loved acting more than writing
B. It was then the only profitable field for anyone who had to depend on his pen for his livelihood
C. The King ordered him to write plays
D. He wanted to rival Shakespeare

Q3. In what year was John Dryden made Poet Laureate?

A. 1631
B. 1660
C. 1670
D. 1688

Q4. What great verse satire did Dryden publish in 1681?

A. Religio Laici
B. The Hind and the Panther
C. Absalom and Achitophel
D. Annus Mirabilis

Q5. Which theological poem was an elaborate argument in favor of Roman Catholicism, to which he had converted?

A. Religio Laici
B. The Hind and the Panther
C. Absalom and Achitophel
D. MacFlecknoe

Q6. Because of his change of religion, what happened to Dryden after the Revolution of 1688?

A. He was made King
B. He was executed
C. He lost his position of poet laureate and all hopes of official recognition
D. He was exiled to France

Q7. What volume of paraphrases from Homer, Ovid, Boccaccio, and Chaucer did Dryden publish in 1699, shortly before his death?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. Fables
C. Metamorphoses
D. The Faerie Queene

Q8. How did Dryden develop as a poet?

A. He was brilliant from his first poem
B. He ripened very slowly (his first poem at eighteen was 'incredibly bad')
C. He wrote all his best work before he was 20
D. He only wrote one poem in his life

Q9. Who greatly influenced Dryden in his youth, causing his early works to abound in characteristic absurdities of the metaphysical school?

A. Spenser
B. Shakespeare
C. Cowley
D. Milton

Q10. What poem about the war with Holland and the Fire of London still indulges in fantastic conceits (like the Deity putting out the fire with a crystal pyramid)?

A. Annus Mirabilis
B. Absalom and Achitophel
C. The Medal
D. Fables

▶ Page 100 - Dryden's Masterpieces

Q1. Where do we turn to see the full exhibition of Dryden's powers and complete emancipation from false metaphysical taste?

A. His early college poems
B. The work of the last twenty years of his life
C. His first play
D. The poems he wrote at age 27

Q2. Dryden's mature work marks the definite establishment of what in England?

A. The romantic school of poetry
B. The classical school of poetry
C. The metaphysical school of poetry
D. The Gothic novel

Q3. Against whom was 'Absalom and Achitophel' written to defend the King's policy?

A. Oliver Cromwell
B. The Earl of Shaftesbury
C. Thomas Shadwell
D. The Duke of Buckingham

Q4. Under what name is the Earl of Shaftesbury satirized in 'Absalom and Achitophel'?

A. Zimri
B. Achitophel
C. MacFlecknoe
D. Absalom

Q5. Which poem is a scathing personal attack on his former friend Thomas Shadwell?

A. Absalom and Achitophel
B. The Medal
C. MacFlecknoe
D. Religio Laici

Q6. How are the two great doctrinal poems ('Religio Laici' and 'The Hind and the Panther') described?

A. Deeply devotional and spiritual
B. Theological and controversial, not spiritual; exhibiting his mastery in the conduct of an argument in verse
C. Written entirely in prose
D. Short, comedic love poems

Q7. What did Dryden's mental flexibility and agility give him remarkable power as?

A. A playwright
B. A special pleader (able to argue whatever position he adopted)
C. A scientific researcher
D. A spiritual mystic

Q8. Written under the increasing burden of age and ill-health, what do Dryden's 'Fables' show?

A. A massive decline in his abilities
B. They show the poet almost at his best, ranking him among our best story-tellers in verse
C. That he had forgotten how to write in English
D. That he hated storytelling

Q9. Which of the 'Fables' provides an instructive comparison between the methods of the 14th and 17th centuries, based on Chaucer's Knight's Tale?

A. Palamon and Arcite
B. The Nun's Priest's Tale
C. The Wife of Bath's Tale
D. The Miller's Tale

Q10. What is Dryden's poetry generally wanting (lacking) in?

A. Intellectuality and manly vigor
B. Essentially poetic qualities (imaginative power, depth of feeling, spiritual glow)
C. Clear grammar
D. Satirical power

▶ Page 101 - Dryden's Style and Samuel Butler

Q1. Though lacking spiritual glow, what is Dryden's poetry characterized by?

A. Extreme emotionalism
B. Splendid intellectuality and a manly vigour of style
C. Complete obscurity
D. A deep love of nature

Q2. In what two fields does Dryden still hold his own as our greatest master?

A. As a lyric poet and romantic
B. As a satirist and as a reasoner in verse
C. As a writer of blank verse and sonnets
D. As a writer of pastoral elegies

Q3. Whose influence and example lifted the classic couplet into the place it was to occupy for many years as the accepted measure of serious English poetry?

A. Edmund Waller
B. John Dryden
C. Samuel Butler
D. Sir John Denham

Q4. With which poem did Dryden make his final choice of the regular couplet, proving its capabilities and assuring its success?

A. Annus Mirabilis
B. Astraea Redux
C. Absalom and Achitophel
D. Heroic Stanzas

Q5. Who is the author of the famous satirical work 'Hudibras' (published 1663-1678)?

A. John Dryden
B. Samuel Butler
C. Thomas Shadwell
D. Edmund Waller

Q6. What is 'Hudibras' a satire on?

A. The Monarchy
B. The Puritans
C. The French
D. The Catholic Church

Q7. How did 'Hudibras' affect the general reaction against the 'saints' (Puritans)?

A. It stopped the reaction entirely
B. It instantly hit the taste of the time and greatly stimulated the general reaction
C. It caused people to sympathize with the Puritans
D. It had no effect because no one read it

Q8. Upon what Spanish burlesque romance is the machinery of 'Hudibras' obviously fashioned?

A. The Canterbury Tales
B. Don Quixote
C. The Decameron
D. Arcadia

Q9. How is the central figure, the Presbyterian Sir Hudibras, described?

A. As a perfect hero
B. As a military enthusiast who, though unconsciously a bit of a hypocrite, is not consciously insincere
C. As a vulgar, canting impostor
D. As a brilliant scientist

Q10. How is Hudibras's attendant, Ralpho, described?

A. As a loyal, heroic knight
B. As a vulgar, canting impostor who assumes the mask of virtue for his own profit
C. As a wise philosopher
D. As an innocent child

▶ Page 102 - Hudibras (Continued)

Q1. How is the remainder of 'Hudibras' structured after the second part?

A. A strictly organized narrative
B. The story lapses and it is composed of odds and ends of epistles, digressions, and satiric tirades
C. It becomes a beautiful romantic tragedy
D. It turns into a scientific manual

Q2. According to modern taste, what is a primary fault of 'Hudibras'?

A. It is much too short
B. It is far too long; some of its best passages suffer from prolixity
C. It is completely devoid of humor
D. It is written in French

Q3. What is a serious disadvantage of 'Hudibras' for the modern reader?

A. Its extreme violence
B. The local and temporary nature of its subject-matter
C. Its lack of any rhyming couplets
D. The fact that the text is lost

Q4. Despite its flaws, what positive qualities does 'Hudibras' possess?

A. It is a masterpiece of epic tragedy
B. It is full of wit and vivacity, with doggerel metre and astonishing double rhymes fitted for burlesque
C. It has the greatest romantic love story
D. It is historically perfectly accurate

Q5. What was Samuel Butler's intention with 'Hudibras'?

A. To convert the nation to Puritanism
B. To kill Puritanism by ridicule
C. To document his own life
D. To teach mathematics

Q6. How did King Charles II react to 'Hudibras'?

A. He banned it immediately
B. It delighted him and became his favorite reading, though he still let Butler live his last years in poverty
C. He executed Butler for treason
D. He made Butler the Prime Minister

Q7. Is Butler's picture of Puritanism considered complete and final by historians?

A. Yes, it is a perfect historical record
B. No, it is a mere caricature that ignores their greatness and strength
C. Yes, the Puritans agreed with it
D. No, because he only wrote about Catholics

Q8. According to the footnote, what does the epithet 'heroic' denote in 'heroic couplet'?

A. That the poem is about a soldier
B. That each line is iambic pentameter (five accents / ten syllables)
C. That it must rhyme AABBCC
D. That it can only be written by men

Q9. Which of the following is an example of an iambic pentameter line provided in the footnote?

A. 'Mary had a little lamb'
B. 'To err is human, to forgive divine'
C. 'Once upon a midnight dreary'
D. 'I wandered lonely as a cloud'

Q10. What is the 'Gondibert' stanza (mentioned in a footnote)?

A. A five-line limerick
B. A four-line iambic pentameter stanza, rhyming abab (like Gray's Elegy)
C. A Japanese Haiku
D. A fourteen-line sonnet

▶ Page 103 - The Rise of Modern Prose

Q1. According to Matthew Arnold, what does the Restoration mark the real moment of birth for?

A. Modern English poetry
B. Our modern English prose
C. The English novel
D. Shakespearean drama

Q2. From the historical point of view, what is the greatest single fact in the literary annals of the Age of Dryden?

A. The death of Milton
B. The establishment of this modern prose
C. The banning of theaters
D. The invention of the printing press

Q3. How does modern English prose break with the style of the times preceding it (like Milton's prose)?

A. It becomes much longer and more involved
B. Its organism is opposed to length and involvement, enabling us to be clear, plain, and short
C. It uses more Latin syntax
D. It removes all punctuation

Q4. When reading a page out of Milton's Areopagitica compared to Dryden or Defoe, what is instinctively thought about Milton's style?

A. 'This is exactly how we write today'
B. 'We should never for a moment think of trying to write like that'
C. 'This is far too simple and childish'
D. 'This is the perfect journalistic style'

Q5. How is the older prose of men like Hooker, Milton, and Clarendon described?

A. Clear, short, and conversational
B. Too intricate, involved, and cumbrous for general use
C. Consisting entirely of short, one-word sentences
D. Very modern and journalistic

Q6. What was a common structural feature of the older prose that the new prose cleared away?

A. Only using rhyming couplets
B. Long sentences, numerous parentheses, and constructions like Latin syntax (inversions)
C. A complete lack of verbs
D. Using only the present tense

Q7. What was the result of clearing away the large straggling masses and classical inversions in the new prose?

A. It made writing completely impossible
B. It made for ease in writing and reading, and for directness and lucidity
C. It caused the English language to die out
D. It made reading incredibly boring

Q8. What was one of the causes that combined to introduce this new prose?

A. A law passed by the King banning long sentences
B. The spread of the spirit of common sense and the critical temper of mind
C. The invention of the dictionary
D. A massive decline in literacy

Q9. What influence did science have on the development of the new prose?

A. It demanded that all prose be written in mathematical formulas
B. The extending influence of science favored clearness of thought and plainness of expression
C. It completely ignored literature
D. It demanded a return to ancient Latin

Q10. In spite of superficial differences, what did English prose become after the Restoration?

A. A dead language
B. The style of our own day
C. Unintelligible to the common man
D. A strictly poetic form

▶ Page 104 - Influences on Modern Prose and Dryden's Role

Q1. How did the changing nature of the reading public influence the new prose?

A. The public wanted harder, more pedantic books
B. A new, more miscellaneous/varied public was growing up whose tastes and capacities had to be consulted
C. The public completely stopped reading
D. The public only wanted to read Latin

Q2. In an age of unceasing political and religious excitement, what sort of evanescent literature saw an immense development?

A. Epic poetry
B. Journalism
C. Fairy tales
D. Travel diaries

Q3. Because the general reader and the ready writer appeared together, what happened to subjects that were formerly treated in a dry, pedantic way?

A. They were banned
B. They had to be made simple and pleasant
C. They were only written in Greek
D. They were only discussed in secret

Q4. Which European country's literature provided the exact model English writers needed for clear, flexible prose?

A. Italy
B. Spain
C. France
D. Germany

Q5. Was the establishment of the new prose sudden and the work of one man?

A. Yes, Dryden invented it overnight
B. No, it was not quite sudden, nor the work of any one man
C. Yes, the King mandated it on a specific day
D. Yes, Matthew Arnold invented it

Q6. Who has a special claim on our attention as the first of our really great prose writers in the modern style?

A. John Milton
B. John Dryden
C. Edmund Waller
D. Jeremy Taylor

Q7. Apart from hack-work, what do Dryden's prose writings mainly consist of?

A. Romantic novels
B. Essays and prefaces dealing with questions connected with poetry and the drama
C. Historical chronicles of England
D. Scientific observations

Q8. Just as the Restoration saw the rise of new prose, it also saw the real beginnings of what in England?

A. Modern criticism (systematic study of the principles/laws of literature)
B. The Romantic movement
C. Printing presses
D. Medieval allegory

Q9. What does the growth of criticism and the tendency to check production by line and rule illustrate about the age?

A. That imagination was stronger than analysis
B. That it was far stronger on the side of analysis than imagination (intellect predominated over creative powers)
C. That people did not care about rules
D. That everyone wrote purely from emotion

Q10. Besides being our first great modern prose writer, what else is Dryden considered?

A. Our first great romantic novelist
B. Our first great modern critic
C. Our first great King
D. Our first great actor

▶ Page 105 - Dryden's Criticism

Q1. Dryden's critical work is of capital importance as a commentary upon the tastes and ideals of what rising school of literature?

A. The Romantic School
B. The Classical School
C. The Metaphysical School
D. The Gothic School

Q2. Where is Dryden's best criticism generally found?

A. In his political pamphlets
B. In his writings on the drama
C. In his religious sermons
D. In his travel diaries

Q3. What is the title of the earliest and most masterly of all of Dryden's critical writings?

A. Religio Laici
B. Essay of Dramatic Poesy
C. Areopagitica
D. The Hind and the Panther

Q4. Which of the following is NOT one of the three chief types of drama considered in the 'Essay of Dramatic Poesy'?

A. The classical drama of the Greeks and Romans
B. The neo-classical drama of the French
C. The romantic drama of the English
D. The miracle plays of the Middle Ages

Q5. What dramatic technique does Dryden undertake to justify the use of in his 'Essay of Dramatic Poesy'?

A. Only using female actors
B. The use of rhyme in place of blank verse on the stage
C. Removing all dialogue
D. Using real weapons on stage

Q6. From whose censure does Dryden attempt to 'vindicate the honour of our English writers'?

A. The Puritans
B. Those who unjustly prefer the French before them
C. The Spanish
D. The King

Q7. Why does a good deal of Dryden's criticism have but slight permanent value today?

A. Because he wrote it all in Latin
B. Because he often wrote hastily, was careless in detail, and accepted the limitations/prejudices of his age
C. Because all the copies were burned
D. Because it was proven scientifically false

Q8. Despite his carelessness, what are we seldom fail to be struck by when reading Dryden's criticism?

A. His deep religious fervor
B. The sound good sense, sagacity, and penetration he brings to bear upon almost every subject
C. His extreme hatred of all poetry
D. His absolute perfection in every detail

Q9. How is Dryden's prose style characterized?

A. Heavy, cumbrous, and Latinised
B. Clearness, vigour, felicity of phrasing, and a colloquial ease with literary distinction
C. Filled with completely incomprehensible metaphors
D. Written entirely in rhyming couplets

Q10. Did Dryden's colloquial ease cause his prose to descend to the level of the slipshod or commonplace?

A. Yes, it was often very trashy
B. No, it rarely descended to that level; it preserved a literary distinction
C. Yes, he wrote like the uneducated masses
D. It is impossible to tell

▶ Page 106 - John Bunyan (Part 1)

Q1. Who is the only other really great name in the prose literature of Dryden's age?

A. Thomas Hobbes
B. John Bunyan
C. Richard Baxter
D. Izaak Walton

Q2. What trade did John Bunyan follow (the same as his father)?

A. Blacksmith
B. Tinker
C. Weaver
D. Carpenter

Q3. Why was Bunyan committed to Bedford jail for twelve years?

A. For stealing from the church
B. For preaching (convicted as a 'common upholder of several unlawful meetings and conventicles')
C. For writing a novel
D. For treason against the King

Q4. Which of Bunyan's works is an autobiographical account written during his twelve-year captivity?

A. The Pilgrim's Progress
B. Grace Abounding
C. The Holy War
D. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman

Q5. During what event was the first part of 'The Pilgrim's Progress' (1678) written?

A. During his time as a soldier in the civil war
B. During a second imprisonment of six months in 1675
C. While he was dying
D. While he was visiting France

Q6. Which of the following is NOT one of Bunyan's four great works?

A. Grace Abounding
B. The Pilgrim's Progress
C. Areopagitica
D. The Holy War

Q7. What gave Bunyan a place almost by himself in an unimaginative age?

A. His vast wealth
B. His wonderful imagination
C. His political power
D. His scientific discoveries

Q8. Bunyan is the only man in our literature who has ever succeeded in doing what?

A. Writing a successful romantic comedy
B. Writing a long prose allegory and filling it with the absorbing interest of a real human story
C. Writing an epic poem without rhyming
D. Earning a million dollars from a book

Q9. What was Bunyan's educational background?

A. He was the most educated man of his time
B. He was not an educated man (knew nothing of classics or theories of literature)
C. He graduated top of his class at Oxford
D. He was educated in Paris

Q10. Though uneducated, what did Bunyan have by heart, which gave him a genius for style?

A. The works of Shakespeare
B. The Authorised Version of the English Bible
C. The Iliad and the Odyssey
D. Foxe's Book of Martyrs

▶ Page 107 - Bunyan and The Diarists

Q1. If asked to name the greatest product of Puritanism in English literature, what does the text argue the choice should fall on?

A. Milton's Paradise Lost
B. Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress
C. Foxe's Book of Martyrs
D. Baxter's The Saints' Everlasting Rest

Q2. Why is 'The Pilgrim's Progress' regarded as a forerunner of the modern novel despite its allegorical form and didactic purpose?

A. Because it is written in verse
B. Because of its well-sustained narrative interest, characters, dialogue, dramatic power, and grasp of ordinary life
C. Because it is short
D. Because it contains no religious meaning

Q3. Which prose writer is best known through his relations with Jonathan Swift?

A. John Locke
B. Sir William Temple
C. John Tillotson
D. John Evelyn

Q4. Who abandoned the older tradition of the pulpit and introduced the new, simpler prose style into religious oratory?

A. John Bunyan
B. John Tillotson
C. John Locke
D. Jeremy Taylor

Q5. Which philosopher distinctly showed the great value of the new prose in philosophic exposition (e.g., Essay on the Human Understanding)?

A. Francis Bacon
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. John Locke
D. Rene Descartes

Q6. Who are the two famous diarists that provide the most interesting minor prose writing of the time for the general reader?

A. Pepys and Evelyn
B. Swift and Temple
C. Locke and Tillotson
D. Addison and Steele

Q7. How is John Evelyn's Diary mainly read today?

A. As a romantic comedy
B. As a record of contemporary events seen from the viewpoint of a loyal, thoughtful royalist, written in a grave, simple style
C. As a scientific treatise
D. As a collection of poems

Q8. How long does Samuel Pepys's Diary cover before his eyesight gave out?

A. Nearly two years
B. Nearly ten years (Jan 1, 1660 to May 31, 1669)
C. Fifty years
D. Three months

Q9. What major historical events are recorded in Pepys's Diary?

A. The French Revolution
B. The Restoration, the Great Plague, and the Great Fire
C. The Spanish Armada
D. The signing of the Magna Carta

Q10. Why is Pepys's Diary unique as a revelation of character from the inside?

A. Because he lied about everything
B. Because he wrote it in a shorthand he thought was inviolably secret, allowing him to entrust his inmost thoughts/scandals to it
C. Because he published it weekly in a newspaper
D. Because it was dictated to the King

▶ Page 108 - Drama of the Age of Dryden

Q1. The theatre of the Age of Dryden was almost wholly the creature of what?

A. The Puritan church
B. The demoralised world of fashion (reflecting the taste of its patrons)
C. The working class
D. The scientific community

Q2. Who is considered the most brilliant writer of the 'Comedy of the Restoration' group?

A. William Wycherley
B. William Congreve
C. Sir John Vanbrugh
D. George Farquhar

Q3. How is the Comedy of the Restoration characterized?

A. Deeply moral and tragic
B. Clever, witty, dashing, but entirely lacking in truth to nature and openly/unabashedly indecent
C. Written entirely in blank verse
D. Focusing on the lives of peasants

Q4. Whose 'Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the English Stage' (1698) gave the gross comedy a tremendous castigation?

A. Jeremy Collier
B. John Bunyan
C. John Tillotson
D. Jeremy Taylor

Q5. Though tragedy kept free from the profligacy of comedy during this era, it was equally what?

A. Hilarious
B. Artificial
C. Short
D. Realistic

Q6. What was the most popular form of tragedy for a time, depicting love and courage on a gigantic, bombastic scale?

A. The Senecan Tragedy
B. The Heroic Drama
C. The Miracle Play
D. The Domestic Tragedy

Q7. What metrical form displaced blank verse in these Heroic plays?

A. Prose
B. Rhyme
C. Free verse
D. Sonnets

Q8. Who was the principal master of the Heroic Drama form (e.g., 'Tyrannic Love', 'Conquest of Granada')?

A. William Congreve
B. John Dryden
C. William Shakespeare
D. Nathaniel Lee

Q9. In his play 'All for Love' (based on Antony and Cleopatra), what did Dryden revert to?

A. French rhyme schemes
B. Shakespeare and blank verse (weary of the Heroic style and rhyme)
C. Prose exclusively
D. Latin dialogue

Q10. William Congreve's one tragedy, 'The Mourning Bride' (1697), is fashioned faithfully upon what model?

A. The Shakespearean model
B. The regular classic model (Senecan/French school)
C. The Heroic Drama model
D. The Italian Opera model

▶ Page 109 - Later Dramatists & Table of Events (Part 1)

Q1. Which tragic poet of this period wrote 'The Orphan' and 'Venice Preserved', keeping long popularity?

A. Nathaniel Lee
B. Thomas Otway
C. John Dryden
D. William Congreve

Q2. According to the Table, what major political event happened in 1625?

A. Charles I became King
B. Oliver Cromwell died
C. The Great Fire of London
D. The theatres were closed

Q3. In what year did John Fletcher and Francis Bacon both die (according to the table)?

A. 1625 (Fletcher) and 1626 (Bacon)
B. 1637
C. 1642
D. 1660

Q4. In what year was John Dryden born?

A. 1608
B. 1625
C. 1631
D. 1660

Q5. When were the English theatres closed by the Puritans?

A. 1625
B. 1642
C. 1649
D. 1660

Q6. What famous prose work did Milton publish in 1644?

A. Paradise Lost
B. Areopagitica
C. Lycidas
D. The Pilgrim's Progress

Q7. When was Charles I executed, leading to the Commonwealth?

A. 1625
B. 1642
C. 1649
D. 1660

Q8. Who published 'Noble Numbers' and 'Hesperides' in 1648?

A. Edmund Waller
B. Robert Herrick
C. Abraham Cowley
D. George Herbert

Q9. What famous philosophical text did Sir Thomas Browne publish in 1642?

A. Leviathan
B. Religio Medici
C. Holy Living
D. Areopagitica

Q10. In what year did Ben Jonson die?

A. 1625
B. 1631
C. 1637
D. 1642

▶ Page 110 - Table of Events (Part 2)

Q1. In what year did Oliver Cromwell die?

A. 1649
B. 1653
C. 1659
D. 1666

Q2. In what year did Charles II take the throne (The Restoration)?

A. 1649
B. 1659
C. 1660
D. 1685

Q3. What major cultural event regarding drama also occurred in 1660?

A. The theatres were closed
B. The reopening of the theatres
C. Shakespeare's plays were banned
D. Only French plays were allowed

Q4. When did Samuel Pepys begin his famous Diary?

A. 1650
B. 1660
C. 1666
D. 1669

Q5. When was the Great Fire of London?

A. 1660
B. 1663
C. 1666
D. 1670

Q6. Which of Dryden's poems, published in 1667, is related to the Great Fire?

A. Absalom and Achitophel
B. Annus Mirabilis
C. Religio Laici
D. MacFlecknoe

Q7. What monumental epic poem was published in 1667 by John Milton?

A. The Faerie Queene
B. Paradise Lost
C. Paradise Regained
D. Samson Agonistes

Q8. What famous prose work did Izaak Walton publish in 1653?

A. The Pilgrim's Progress
B. The Compleat Angler
C. Holy Living
D. Worthies of England

Q9. In what year was Jonathan Swift born?

A. 1660
B. 1661
C. 1667
D. 1672

Q10. What was Dryden's first play, performed in 1663?

A. Tyrannic Love
B. Conquest of Granada
C. The Wild Gallant
D. All for Love

▶ Page 111 - Table of Events (Part 3)

Q1. In what year did John Milton die?

A. 1667
B. 1671
C. 1674
D. 1688

Q2. What two works did Milton publish together in 1671?

A. L'Allegro and Il Penseroso
B. Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes
C. Paradise Lost and Comus
D. Areopagitica and Lycidas

Q3. In what year was Part I of Bunyan's 'The Pilgrim's Progress' published?

A. 1660
B. 1678
C. 1684
D. 1688

Q4. What is the title of Dryden's great verse satire published in 1681?

A. The Hind and the Panther
B. Absalom and Achitophel
C. Religio Laici
D. MacFlecknoe

Q5. When did the 'Revolution' (The Glorious Revolution) occur, bringing William III and Mary to the throne?

A. 1660
B. 1685
C. 1688
D. 1693

Q6. Which two significant authors died in the year 1688?

A. Milton and Cowley
B. Bunyan and Waller (Waller actually died 1687, but Bunyan died 1688)
C. Dryden and Pepys
D. Hobbes and Locke

Q7. What famous poet of the next generation was born in the year 1688?

A. Alexander Pope
B. Jonathan Swift
C. Joseph Addison
D. Richard Steele

Q8. In what year were the famous essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele both born?

A. 1667
B. 1672
C. 1688
D. 1689

Q9. Which playwright began writing for the stage in 1693, becoming the most brilliant of the Restoration comedy group?

A. Wycherley
B. Congreve
C. Vanbrugh
D. Farquhar

Q10. In what year did James II become King before being deposed in the Revolution?

A. 1660
B. 1685
C. 1688
D. 1689

▶ Page 112 - Table of Events (Part 4)

Q1. According to the table, when did John Vanbrugh begin to write for the stage?

A. 1660
B. 1678
C. 1697
D. 1700

Q2. In what year did Jeremy Collier publish his 'Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the English Stage'?

A. 1660
B. 1688
C. 1698
D. 1700

Q3. What work did John Dryden publish in 1699, shortly before his death?

A. Absalom and Achitophel
B. Fables
C. Religio Laici
D. The Hind and the Panther

Q4. When did George Farquhar begin to write for the stage?

A. 1660
B. 1688
C. 1693
D. 1699

Q5. In what year did John Dryden die, marking the end of his era?

A. 1688
B. 1698
C. 1699
D. 1700

▶ Page 113 - The Age of Pope (Moral Regeneration)

Q1. What period of time does 'The Age of Pope' cover?

A. 1625-1660
B. 1660-1700
C. 1700-1745
D. 1745-1798

Q2. Despite coarse manners and corrupt politics, what did the early 18th century witness a resolute attempt toward?

A. Total anarchy
B. Moral regeneration
C. A return to strict Puritanism
D. A return to Catholicism

Q3. What did the reception of Collier's 'Short View' clearly prove about the people of this era?

A. They hated all theater
B. They were fast growing sick of the outrageous license of the Restoration and wanted a return to elementary decencies
C. They wanted more explicit comedies
D. They did not know how to read

Q4. Which class of writers was most strongly influenced by moral considerations and the desire for improvement?

A. The aristocratic writers
B. The middle-class writers
C. The peasant writers
D. The royal writers

Q5. While revolting against Restoration profligacy, what were the men of Pope's era still hostile to?

A. The monarchy
B. Everything that savoured of Puritan fanaticism and religious zeal
C. The use of logic and reason
D. The French language

Q6. Because they were hostile to Puritan zeal, what did England fail to recover even as it regained moral ground?

A. The wealth of the nation
B. The high passion or spiritual fervour of the Elizabethan age
C. The ability to write poetry
D. Its political stability

Q7. What mood did the men of Pope's era fall into due to their dread of emotional excesses?

A. Absolute hysteria
B. A mood of chilly apathy
C. Deep, passionate romanticism
D. Violent revolutionary zeal

Q8. How did they view emotional excesses compared to the moral excesses of the roysterers?

A. They viewed them as holy and pure
B. They viewed them as almost as monstrous
C. They thought they were the only way to write poetry
D. They completely ignored them

Q9. What was the focus of the literature that emanated from the middle-class writers of this half-century?

A. Chivalric romance
B. The desire for improvement and moral considerations
C. Epic tragedies
D. Purely comedic farces

Q10. How did the general tone of society remain during the early 18th century, despite the attempt at moral regeneration?

A. Perfectly polite and refined
B. Brutal, with coarse manners and scandalously corrupt politics
C. Deeply religious and ascetic
D. Completely lawless and without any rules

▶ Page 114 - Rationalism in the Age of Pope

Q1. During the Age of Pope, any manifestation of earnestness, even in the pulpit, was regarded as dangerously suggestive of what?

A. Pure holiness
B. 'Enthusiasm', which was in shockingly bad taste
C. Divine inspiration
D. Supreme intellect

Q2. What became the 'idol of the time'?

A. Deep emotional passion
B. Good sense (love of the reasonable/useful, hatred of extravagant/mystical/visionary)
C. The King
D. Classical mythology

Q3. What were the prevailing principles in the field of religion during this era?

A. Mysticism and fanaticism
B. Rationalism and utility
C. Superstition and fear
D. Romance and emotion

Q4. In the great Deistic controversy, what did the Deists advocate for?

A. A return to the Pope
B. A purely natural religion (attacking revelation and the miraculous)
C. The banning of all religion
D. Worshipping the Greek gods

Q5. What was common to both the Deists and the orthodox defenders of Christianity?

A. They both believed in fairies
B. The assumption of the supremacy of logic and reason (both were rationalistic in spirit)
C. They both hated the Bible
D. They both wanted to destroy the church

Q6. How did the greatest preachers of this era seek to reach their listeners?

A. By stirring the sluggish conscience through feelings
B. By appealing to reason and good sense to convince the intellect
C. By threatening them with hellfire
D. By singing emotional hymns

Q7. How was religion generally conceived during this time?

A. As a deeply personal, mystical experience for the soul
B. More as something necessary to the well-being of society, like an effective system of police
C. As a useless superstition that should be outlawed
D. As purely a matter for artists and poets

Q8. How does the text describe the literature of the age, reflecting the same rationalistic temper?

A. A literature of emotion, passion, and creative energy
B. A literature of intelligence, wit, and fancy (exhibiting coldness and want of feeling)
C. A literature of deep spiritual fervour
D. A literature completely devoid of any rules

Q9. What were simplicity and spontaneity sacrificed for in the poetry of this era?

A. Emotional depth
B. The dominant mania for elegance and correctness
C. Political revolution
D. Religious zeal

Q10. What were the limits of poetry during this age?

A. It explored the vast wilderness of nature
B. It seldom travelled beyond the interests of the narrow world of the 'Town' (coffee-houses, drawing-rooms)
C. It focused entirely on heaven and hell
D. It was only written by farmers

▶ Page 115 - The Classic/Augustan Age

Q1. What two alternative names are sometimes given to the Age of Pope?

A. The Romantic Age and the Gothic Age
B. The Classic Age and the Augustan Age
C. The Elizabethan Age and the Jacobean Age
D. The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages

Q2. What does the epithet 'classic' denote regarding the models and standards of this age?

A. That they copied the ancient Greeks exclusively
B. That the poets/critics believed the works of classical antiquity (really Latin writers) presented the best models and ultimate standards
C. That they believed no rules should exist
D. That they only read English literature

Q3. In a more general way, what does 'classic' denote regarding their faith in genius?

A. They believed individual genius should be completely free
B. They had little faith in individual genius, and much in laws and rules imposed by the authority of the past
C. They believed only the King possessed genius
D. They believed genius came directly from God through visions

Q4. How did Walsh concisely express the principle of classicism to Pope in 1706?

A. 'The best poets break all the rules'
B. 'The best of the modern poets in all languages are those that have nearest copied the ancients'
C. 'Poetry must be purely emotional'
D. 'Ignore the past and forge your own path'

Q5. In his 'Essay on Criticism', Pope wrote: 'Those Rules of old discover'd, not devis'd, / Are Nature still, but Nature _________.'

A. destroyed
B. methodiz'd
C. romanticiz'd
D. ignored

Q6. According to Pope, to copy Nature is to copy what?

A. The stars and trees
B. The ancient rules
C. Your own heart
D. The King's decrees

Q7. Why was the epithet 'Augustan' originally applied to this age as a term of high praise?

A. Because Pope was named Augustus
B. Because they believed the Age of Pope was the golden age of English literature, just as the Age of Augustus was the golden age of Latin literature
C. Because they wrote exclusively in August
D. Because they wanted to conquer Rome

Q8. How does the text suggest we still use the term 'Augustan' today, even if we no longer view it as a 'golden age'?

A. We shouldn't use it at all
B. As a convenient catchword to bring out the analogy between this English literature and the Latin literature of Virgil and Horace
C. To mean 'highly romantic'
D. To mean 'written by peasants'

Q9. In both the English Augustan age and the Latin Augustan age, upon whom were men of letters largely dependent?

A. The public voting system
B. Powerful patrons
C. The Catholic Church
D. Their own inherited wealth

Q10. The literature produced by this thoroughly artificial society was a literature of what?

A. Free creative effort and inspiration
B. Self-conscious and deliberate art
C. Deep religious mysticism
D. Unrestrained emotional outbursts

▶ Page 116 - Characteristics of the Classical School

Q1. Which of the following is NOT a salient feature of classical poetry as outlined in the text?

A. It is commonly didactic and satiric (argument, criticism, politics)
B. It is marked by a deep love of nature, landscape, and country things
C. It is the product of intelligence playing upon the surface of life
D. It is markedly deficient on the side of emotion and imagination

Q2. What kind of 'world' is classical poetry almost exclusively made out of?

A. The rural farm world
B. A 'town' poetry, made out of the interests of 'society' in the great centres of culture
C. The world of fantasy and magic
D. The world of the ancient Greeks

Q3. Classical poetry is almost entirely wanting in all those elements which we sum up under what epithet?

A. 'Satiric'
B. 'Romantic'
C. 'Didactic'
D. 'Intellectual'

Q4. A hatred of the 'romantic' in literature was the logical accompaniment of a hatred of what in religion?

A. Catholicism
B. 'Enthusiasm'
C. Reason
D. Utility

Q5. How did the critical taste of the time view the 'ruder' masters of our older literature (like Chaucer, Spenser, and even Shakespeare)?

A. They worshipped them
B. They were distinctly unsympathetic towards them
C. They translated them into Latin
D. They completely ignored them

Q6. The critical taste of this era was especially hostile to everything that belonged to which historical period?

A. The Renaissance
B. The Middle Ages (with their chivalrous extravagance, visionary idealism, strong religious faith)
C. Ancient Rome
D. The Victorian Era

Q7. Extreme devotion to form and a love of superficial polish led to the establishment of what?

A. A highly romantic and emotional style
B. A highly artificial and conventional style (stereotyped into regular traditional poetic diction)
C. A complete abandonment of poetry
D. Free verse poetry

Q8. What happened to classical embroidery during this time?

A. It was never used
B. It was employed in season and out of season till it was worn threadbare and made ridiculous by constant use
C. It was only used by female poets
D. It was banned by the King

Q9. What disappeared before the growth of a false conception of poetic style?

A. Intelligence
B. Simplicity and naturalness
C. Rhyme and meter
D. Political satire

Q10. What did romanticism and enthusiasm cut across according to the accepted notions of the Age of Pope?

A. Their notions of deep religious faith
B. All their accepted notions of reasonableness and good sense
C. Their love of nature
D. Their appreciation of Shakespeare

▶ Page 117 - Poetic Diction and Alexander Pope's Early Life

Q1. What happened to language when the classic poet undertook to refashion the crude stuff of an old ballad?

A. They made it simpler and more direct
B. They substituted grandiloquent phrases and pompous circumlocutions for plain/direct expressions (e.g., 'Eternal blessings on his shade attend' instead of 'God rest his soul')
C. They translated it into French
D. They refused to touch it

Q2. Who would later enter an emphatic protest against this 'gaudiness and inane phraseology'?

A. Alexander Pope
B. John Dryden
C. William Wordsworth
D. John Milton

Q3. What form did classic poetry adhere to as the only possible form for serious work in verse?

A. Blank verse
B. The closed couplet
C. Free verse
D. The sonnet

Q4. While the closed couplet's epigrammatic terseness lent itself admirably to the popular poetry of the time, what was its major flaw?

A. It was too short to tell a story
B. It was bound to grow monotonous and was too narrow/inflexible for high passion or strong imagination
C. It required too much knowledge of Greek
D. It was illegal to write

Q5. Who was the greatest master of this classic school?

A. John Dryden
B. Alexander Pope
C. Edmund Waller
D. Sir John Denham

Q6. In what year was Alexander Pope born?

A. 1660
B. 1688
C. 1700
D. 1744

Q7. Why was Pope excluded from public schools and universities?

A. He was too poor
B. On account of his religion (his father was a Roman Catholic)
C. He was physically unable to attend
D. He was expelled for fighting

Q8. Because of his haphazard education, what is apparent in Pope's work?

A. Perfect mathematical logic
B. The want both of sound learning and of mental discipline (he never became an accurate scholar)
C. An incredible mastery of Greek
D. Complete historical accuracy

Q9. What enabled Pope to buy a house at Twickenham in 1719?

A. His father's inheritance
B. The financial success of his translation of Homer
C. He won the lottery
D. A gift from the King

Q10. How are Pope's relations with his contemporaries described in literary history?

A. A perfect model of friendship and collaboration
B. A tangled record of miserable jealousies and quarrels, due to the petty spitefulness of his nature
C. He had no contemporaries
D. He was universally loved without issue

▶ Page 118 - Pope's Early Works and Masterpiece

Q1. How should our judgment upon Pope's extreme irritability and peevishness be tempered?

A. By recognizing that he was right about everything
B. By the recognition that it was in large measure the consequence of chronic ill-health (his life was one 'long disease')
C. By understanding that it was just an act for the public
D. By knowing he was extremely wealthy

Q2. Into how many periods does Pope's poetic career naturally fall?

A. Two
B. Three (early original work, translation, late original work)
C. Four
D. Five

Q3. In Pope's poem 'Windsor Forest', what is easy to perceive about the classic school?

A. Their deep love for the English countryside
B. Their indifference to the real beauties of nature (the landscape is copied out of Greek/Latin poets rather than painted from first-hand knowledge)
C. Their hatred of the King
D. Their skill in botany

Q4. Which remarkable early poem by Pope is 'all stolen' (lacking fresh thought) but puts standard critical ideas into wonderfully terse, quotable verse?

A. The Messiah
B. The Rape of the Lock
C. Essay on Criticism
D. The Dunciad

Q5. What poem may safely be called Pope's masterpiece?

A. Windsor Forest
B. The Rape of the Lock
C. The Dunciad
D. Essay on Man

Q6. What real-life incident was 'The Rape of the Lock' founded upon?

A. A major political assassination
B. A practical joke where Lord Petre cut a lock of hair from Arabella Fermor's head, leading to a family quarrel
C. The stealing of the crown jewels
D. A duel over a gambling debt

Q7. Pope defines 'The Rape of the Lock' as 'heroi-comical'. What is a better term to call it?

A. A tragedy
B. A Mock Epic
C. A pastoral
D. A historical drama

Q8. How does 'The Rape of the Lock' differ from the humor in Butler's 'Hudibras'?

A. It uses rough doggerel verse
B. Trivial occurrences are handled with all the dignity and seriousness which properly belong to the epic
C. It is entirely serious without any jokes
D. It is written in prose

Q9. What is the essence of this particular kind of parody (the Mock Epic)?

A. Using animal characters
B. A calculated and sustained discrepancy between theme and treatment
C. Copying the plot exactly
D. Changing the language to French

Q10. What does the general flippancy and cynical attitude towards women in 'The Rape of the Lock' show us about Pope's age?

A. The deep respect they held for women
B. The fundamental callousness of feeling which superficial gallantry scarcely served to veil
C. Their strong religious convictions
D. Their progressive views on gender

▶ Page 119 - Pope's Homer and Later Satires

Q1. What major translations represent the labours of Pope's second period?

A. The Bible
B. The Iliad and the Odyssey (his 'Homer')
C. The Aeneid
D. The Divine Comedy

Q2. Did Pope's translation of Homer accurately capture the spirit of the original Greek?

A. Yes, it is the most accurate translation ever made
B. No, neither he nor his age could understand or enter into the spirit of Homer; it contains far more of Pope than of Homer
C. Yes, he spent years studying ancient Greek
D. No, because he translated it into Latin

Q3. What kind of version did Pope's public actually want?

A. A strictly literal translation for universities
B. A readable, drawing-room rendering in accordance with the taste of their own time
C. A prose summary
D. They didn't want Greek literature at all

Q4. As Gibbon afterwards said, Pope's translation has every merit except what?

A. Fidelity to the original
B. Good rhythm
C. Clear grammar
D. Humorous content

Q5. After publishing his Homer, what kinds of poetry did Pope almost wholly confine himself to?

A. Epic and pastoral
B. Satiric and didactic poetry
C. Lyrical and romantic poetry
D. Religious hymns

Q6. Which poem contains the famous character-study of Addison under the name of 'Atticus'?

A. The Dunciad
B. Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (Prologue to Satires and Epistles of Horace Imitated)
C. Essay on Man
D. Windsor Forest

Q7. What makes the 'Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot' specially valuable?

A. It is the longest poem ever written
B. It is the most frankly personal of all Pope's writings
C. It is the only poem he wrote in blank verse
D. It accurately predicted the future

Q8. What is 'The Dunciad'?

A. A translation of Dante
B. A long and elaborate satire on the 'dunces' (bad poets, pedants, and pretentious critics) of Pope's day
C. A poem celebrating the King
D. A tragic play

Q9. Where is the inspiration for 'The Dunciad' to be sought?

A. In Greek mythology
B. In Pope's innumerable quarrels with all sorts of people
C. In the Bible
D. In English history

Q10. Why does 'The Dunciad' lose much of its point for the modern reader despite being extremely clever?

A. The English language has changed too much
B. The utter obscurity of most of the dunces attacked
C. It was never finished
D. It lacks any rhyme scheme

▶ Page 120 - Pope's Essay on Man and Legacy

Q1. In 'Essay on Man', Pope undertakes a defense of the moral government of the universe on what optimistic postulate?

A. 'All you need is love'
B. 'Whatever is, is right'
C. 'Life is but a dream'
D. 'Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains'

Q2. Why is 'Essay on Man' hopelessly confused and self-contradictory?

A. Because Pope was not a philosopher, had no training for it, and dabbled in it due to the influence of his Deistic friend Lord Bolingbroke
B. Because the printer mixed up the pages
C. Because he wrote it while asleep
D. Because he was trying to confuse the King

Q3. Despite not being useful as a philosophical treatise, why is 'Essay on Man' still famous?

A. It is hilarious comedy
B. It contains many passages that are justly famous and often quoted for their rhetorical beauty and power
C. It is the only poem written in 1733
D. It correctly predicted modern physics

Q4. What is the modern critical view of Pope as a poet?

A. He is the greatest poet who ever lived
B. We can no longer regard him as a great poet because he lacked the imaginative power and depth of feeling without which great poetry is impossible
C. He was a great philosopher but a terrible writer
D. He is only famous for his plays

Q5. However, what was Pope the very embodiment of?

A. Religious fanaticism
B. The kind of intelligence currently known as 'wit', which that age cultivated and admired
C. True romantic passion
D. Unrestrained emotionalism

Q6. What writing style assumed perfection in Pope's hands?

A. Free verse
B. The neat, compact, antithetic, and epigrammatic style of writing which was the classical ideal
C. Blank verse tragedy
D. The sonnet

Q7. After Shakespeare, what distinction does Pope hold among English poets?

A. He wrote the most plays
B. He is the most frequently quoted of English poets
C. He lived the longest
D. He made the most money

Q8. Who wrote the line: 'A little learning is a dangerous thing.'?

A. William Shakespeare
B. Alexander Pope
C. John Milton
D. John Dryden

Q9. Who wrote the line: 'And fools rush in where angels fear to tread.'?

A. Alexander Pope
B. Geoffrey Chaucer
C. Edmund Spenser
D. Christopher Marlowe

Q10. Who wrote the line: 'To err is human, to forgive divine.'?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Alexander Pope
C. Ben Jonson
D. Sir Philip Sidney

▶ Page 121 - Other Poets of Pope's Era

Q1. Who wrote the famous line: 'The proper study of mankind is man.'?

A. Francis Bacon
B. Alexander Pope
C. Thomas Hobbes
D. John Locke

Q2. How did Pope alter the classic couplet compared to Dryden?

A. He made it much longer
B. He trimmed it of licenses Dryden permitted, confining the sense more rigorously than ever within the two lines
C. He stopped using rhyme
D. He changed the meter entirely

Q3. How did other poets who used the couplet treat Pope's perfected model until the early 19th century?

A. They ignored it completely
B. They followed it with slavish fidelity
C. They rebelled against it immediately
D. They found it too difficult to write

Q4. Which poet takes precedence in time even of Pope, known for light society verses and an imitation of Hudibras called 'Alma'?

A. John Gay
B. Matthew Prior
C. Edward Young
D. Jonathan Swift

Q5. Which intimate friend of Swift and Pope wrote 'Fables' and the mock-pastoral series 'The Shepherd's Week'?

A. Matthew Prior
B. John Gay
C. Edward Young
D. Joseph Addison

Q6. What humorous description of the London streets did John Gay write?

A. The Beggar's Opera
B. Trivia
C. The Town and Country Mouse
D. The Dunciad

Q7. What was John Gay's immensely popular travesty of Italian opera that took the 'Town' by storm?

A. The Beggar's Opera
B. Trivia
C. The Shepherd's Week
D. Alma

Q8. Who wrote the gloomy and unwholesome poem 'Night Thoughts'?

A. John Gay
B. Edward Young
C. Matthew Prior
D. Alexander Pope

Q9. How does the text describe Edward Young personally?

A. As a saintly figure
B. As a most contemptible person
C. As a brilliant philosopher
D. As the King's closest friend

Q10. How is 'Night Thoughts' characterized in the text?

A. A light, comedic masterpiece
B. Full of copybook moralisings couched in florid and pompous verse, but with occasional passages of rhetorical power
C. A political satire
D. A deeply romantic and emotional love poem

▶ Page 122 - The Age of Pope (Minor Works)

Q1. Which poet of the 'churchyard' school wrote the sombre production 'The Grave'?

A. Robert Blair
B. William Somerville
C. Sir Samuel Garth
D. John Gay

Q2. What is historically significant about Robert Blair's poem 'The Grave'?

A. It is the longest poem ever written
B. It is written in blank verse, not in the prevailing classic couplet
C. It is written entirely in French
D. It is a comedic farce

Q3. Who wrote the early descriptive poem 'The Chase', which is another specimen of blank verse?

A. William Somerville
B. Robert Blair
C. Sir Samuel Garth
D. Edward Young

Q4. What is the title of the mock-heroic satire on the Society of Apothecaries written by Sir Samuel Garth?

A. The Dunciad
B. The Dispensary
C. The Rape of the Lock
D. Trivia

Q5. According to the footnote, what period is roughly covered by the terms 'Classic Age' and 'Augustan Age'?

A. 1500-1600
B. 1660-1745 (covering both the Age of Dryden and Age of Pope)
C. 1800-1900
D. 1200-1350

▶ Page 123 - Daniel Defoe's Early Life

Q1. Who is the first of the chief prose writers of Pope's age discussed in chronological order?

A. Jonathan Swift
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Joseph Addison
D. Richard Steele

Q2. What was the profession of Daniel Defoe's father?

A. A wealthy nobleman
B. A well-to-do butcher
C. A printer
D. A poor farmer

Q3. Which of the following is NOT one of the many varied careers/roles Defoe held during his adventurous life?

A. King of England
B. Government spy
C. Inmate of a Newgate cell
D. Confidant to the king

Q4. As a born journalist and pamphleteer, roughly how many publications is Defoe said to have written?

A. 10
B. 50
C. More than 250
D. Exactly 1000

Q5. How did Defoe choose the subjects he wrote about?

A. He only wrote about theology
B. He kept his eye on the market, seized on whatever promised to make good 'copy', and turned it to account while popular interest was hot
C. He only wrote poetry about nature
D. He let the King choose all his topics

Q6. Despite his market-driven journalism, what did Defoe avowedly aim to be?

A. A famous poet
B. A moral and social reformer aiming to correct and teach his age
C. A Catholic priest
D. An aristocratic gentleman

Q7. What does Defoe mainly owe his importance in literature to?

A. His political pamphlets
B. His works of fiction (which were an offshoot of his journalistic enterprises)
C. His epic poetry
D. His dramatic plays

Q8. Before writing his famous novels, what kind of works had Defoe been busy manufacturing for years?

A. Cookbooks
B. Lives (biographies) of people who engaged public attention (famous dead men, notorious adventurers, criminals)
C. Scientific treatises
D. French translations

Q9. How were these early 'biographies' by Defoe written?

A. With perfect historical accuracy after years of research
B. At the moment for the moment, loosely put together, with slight regard to accuracy
C. In heroic couplets
D. Only in Latin

Q10. At what age did Defoe enter upon a new phase of his career by writing prose fiction?

A. Twenty
B. Thirty
C. Sixty
D. Eighty

▶ Page 124 - Defoe's Fiction and Legacy

Q1. What famous book did Defoe publish to take the short step from writing biographies with real names to biographies with fictitious names?

A. Moll Flanders
B. The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
C. Captain Singleton
D. Colonel Jack

Q2. Which of the following is NOT a work of fiction produced by Defoe after the success of Robinson Crusoe?

A. The Memoirs of a Cavalier
B. Gulliver's Travels
C. Moll Flanders
D. Roxana

Q3. Why must Defoe's 'Journal of the Plague Year' be classed as fiction?

A. It features magic and dragons
B. Though professedly the genuine record of an eye-witness, it is in reality a fabrication
C. The Plague never happened
D. It is written as a stage play

Q4. How did Defoe present his made-up stories to the public?

A. He clearly labeled them as fiction on the cover
B. He gave them out as true stories and took infinite pains to convince readers of their authenticity
C. He published them anonymously as jokes
D. He presented them as dreams

Q5. How does Sir Leslie Stephen best describe Defoe's fictitious biographies?

A. 'pure romance'
B. 'history minus the facts'
C. 'epic poetry in prose'
D. 'scientific observations'

Q6. Because Defoe's fictions were thrown into biographical form, what was no attempt made toward?

A. Making any money
B. The organization of the materials into a systematic plot
C. Creating realistic characters
D. Writing in English

Q7. To give his inventions the air and semblance of truth, how did Defoe tell his stories?

A. In incredibly elevated, poetic language
B. In a plain, matter-of-fact, business-like way appropriate to actual life, avoiding artificiality
C. Only using dialogue
D. By writing entirely in Latin

Q8. What outstanding feature is universally recognized in Defoe's fiction?

A. His deep romanticism
B. His extraordinary minute realism
C. His complex, twisting plots
D. His philosophical depth

Q9. What type of style lent itself admirably to Defoe's realistic purpose?

A. A highly ornate and rhetorical style
B. A homely, easy, colloquial style
C. A strict blank verse style
D. A confusing, metaphysical style

Q10. While his great importance is universally admitted, what is there some dispute about regarding Defoe?

A. Whether he ever existed
B. The exact significance of his contribution to the development of the English novel
C. Whether he actually wrote his books
D. Where he was born

▶ Page 125 - Jonathan Swift's Life

Q1. Who is described as 'by far the most powerful and original genius of his age'?

A. Daniel Defoe
B. Jonathan Swift
C. Alexander Pope
D. Joseph Addison

Q2. Where was Jonathan Swift born?

A. London, England
B. Ireland (of English parents)
C. Paris, France
D. Edinburgh, Scotland

Q3. To whom did Swift become confidential secretary in 1689 at Moor Park?

A. The King of England
B. Sir William Temple
C. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
D. Lord Bolingbroke

Q4. When preferred to the Deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin, in 1714, what cause did Swift espouse?

A. The cause of the King
B. The cause of the Irish people (who idolized him so much he virtually governed Ireland)
C. The cause of the French
D. The cause of the Puritans

Q5. What physical ailment plagued Swift for many years, eventually leading to his mind giving way in 1736?

A. Tuberculosis
B. A mysterious brain disease causing fearful agony and melancholia
C. Blindness
D. Polio

Q6. Besides his mental disease, what else contributed to Swift's ferociously pessimistic temper and bitterness of spirit?

A. He was very poor
B. The failure of his enormous ambitions
C. He hated writing
D. He was imprisoned for treason

Q7. Who was the most important woman in Swift's life (whose death in 1728 was a blow from which he never recovered)?

A. Arabella Fermor
B. Esther Johnson (Stella)
C. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
D. Queen Anne

Q8. What document is a wonderful revelation of the real tenderness concealed in Swift's fierce and domineering nature?

A. Gulliver's Travels
B. Journal to Stella
C. A Tale of a Tub
D. The Battle of the Books

Q9. What style of writing was Swift a master of?

A. A highly ornate, Latinised style
B. A simple, direct, colloquial style (far removed from the ornate and rhetorical)
C. Only heroic couplets
D. Complex metaphysical poetry

Q10. What was Swift's special field, and what was his favorite instrument?

A. His field was romance, his instrument tragedy
B. His field was satire, his instrument irony (saying one thing to convey another)
C. His field was epic poetry, his instrument blank verse
D. His field was science, his instrument observation

▶ Page 126 - Swift's Satires

Q1. How does Swift use irony in his 'Argument to prove that the Abolishing of Christianity... may be attended with Some Inconveniences'?

A. He openly praises Christianity
B. He nominally adopts a position alien from his own, proceeding gravely to pour ridicule upon the cause he is apparently supporting
C. He writes a poem about Jesus
D. He aggressively attacks the church without irony

Q2. Which satire grew out of a controversy concerning the respective merits of ancient and modern literatures?

A. Gulliver's Travels
B. The Battle of the Books
C. A Tale of a Tub
D. The Dunciad

Q3. What describes 'The Battle of the Books'?

A. A factual historical account
B. A mock-heroic description of a great battle in the King's Library between rival hosts
C. A religious allegory
D. A romantic novel

Q4. Which book, containing the essence of Swift's thought and style, was designed to champion the Protestant Church and exhibit corruptions of modern Christianity?

A. Gulliver's Travels
B. A Tale of a Tub
C. The Battle of the Books
D. Journal to Stella

Q5. In 'A Tale of a Tub', what do the three brothers Peter, Martin, and Jack represent respectively?

A. England, Scotland, and Ireland
B. The Roman Church, the English Church, and the Calvinists (dissenters)
C. Past, Present, and Future
D. Poetry, Prose, and Drama

Q6. Though Swift said the aim of 'A Tale of a Tub' was to reconcile divinity with wit, what is the general impression left by the terrific satire?

A. Deep religious devotion
B. Utter irreverence in the handling of sacred things
C. Complete boredom
D. Confusion

Q7. Which of Swift's works stands apart because it is enduringly popular with the general public (like Robinson Crusoe) rather than just students?

A. The Battle of the Books
B. Gulliver's Travels
C. A Tale of a Tub
D. Drapier's Letters

Q8. Are the purpose and spirit of 'Gulliver's Travels' actually different from the rest of Swift's writings?

A. Yes, it was meant strictly as a children's book
B. No, they are of a piece with all his writings (though popular, it is still satire)
C. Yes, it was written by someone else
D. No, he wrote it as a serious scientific travel log

Q9. Which of the following works was published in 1704?

A. Gulliver's Travels
B. The Battle of the Books and A Tale of a Tub
C. The Rape of the Lock
D. Robinson Crusoe

Q10. How does Swift attack the free-thinkers and insincere professors of current religion in his essay on 'the Abolishing of Christianity'?

A. By directly calling them fools
B. By ostensibly writing as one who admits 'the system of the gospel... is generally antiquated and exploded'
C. By quoting scripture at length
D. By writing an epic poem about them

▶ Page 127 - Swift's Gulliver's Travels and Addison & Steele

Q1. In which part of Gulliver's Travels is the infinite littleness of man exposed?

A. Lilliput
B. Brobdingnag
C. Laputa
D. Houyhnhnms

Q2. In which part does Gulliver become a pigmy?

A. Lilliput
B. Brobdingnag
C. Laputa
D. Houyhnhnms

Q3. Who are the philosophers and projectors attacked by Swift? In the Voyage to:

A. Lilliput
B. Brobdingnag
C. Laputa
D. Houyhnhnms

Q4. What is the race of wretched creatures doomed to immortality in Swift's work?

A. Yahoos
B. Lilliputians
C. Struldbrugs
D. Houyhnhnms

Q5. In which part does Swift tear away all the accessories of civilization?

A. Lilliput
B. Brobdingnag
C. Laputa
D. Houyhnhnms

Q6. Swift was a profound...

A. Optimist
B. Pessimist
C. Romanticist
D. Realist

Q7. Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele are associated with their collaboration in...

A. Tragedies
B. Epics
C. Periodical essays
D. Novels

Q8. Where did Addison and Steele first meet as boys?

A. Eton
B. Westminster
C. Charterhouse
D. Winchester

Q9. Who was Chief Secretary for Ireland and for a year Secretary of State?

A. Richard Steele
B. Joseph Addison
C. Jonathan Swift
D. Alexander Pope

Q10. Who went into the army and threw himself into politics with characteristic ardour?

A. Steele
B. Addison
C. Swift
D. Defoe

▶ Page 128 - Character and Works of Addison and Steele

Q1. How does the text describe Steele's character?

A. Urbane and polished
B. Shy and self-conscious
C. Thorough Bohemian
D. Remote and austere

Q2. Which of the following describes Addison's character?

A. Easy-going
B. Thriftless
C. Urbane and polished
D. Careless

Q3. Addison's famous poem written to celebrate the victory at Blenheim is...

A. The Dunciad
B. The Campaign
C. Absalom and Achitophel
D. Paradise Lost

Q4. Who founded The Tatler?

A. Joseph Addison
B. Richard Steele
C. Jonathan Swift
D. Samuel Johnson

Q5. When did The Spectator begin?

A. March 1, 1711
B. June 18, 1714
C. December 6, 1712
D. January 1, 1710

Q6. How many essays does The Spectator contain in its complete form?

A. 240
B. 274
C. 635
D. 121

Q7. How many essays did Addison write for The Spectator?

A. 240
B. 274
C. 635
D. 121

Q8. The ethical method of Addison and Steele set out to break down the profligate tradition of...

A. The Renaissance
B. The Restoration
C. The Puritan era
D. The Victorian era

Q9. Addison and Steele also opposed the fanaticism and bigotry of...

A. The Puritans
B. The Catholics
C. The Royalists
D. The Humanists

Q10. Instead of sweeping condemnations, Addison and Steele wrote...

A. Good-humouredly
B. Bitter satires
C. Tragic dramas
D. Long epics

▶ Page 129 - The Spectator's Impact and Character Writing

Q1. What did Addison and Steele use to score most in advocating decency?

A. Violence
B. Wit, humour, and satire
C. Deep philosophical arguments
D. Epic poetry

Q2. In addition to a moral aim, Addison and Steele wrote with what other aim?

A. Financial
B. Educational
C. Political
D. Religious

Q3. Addison published eighteen papers in The Spectator on which famous work?

A. The Faerie Queene
B. Paradise Lost
C. Hamlet
D. The Canterbury Tales

Q4. To which specific group did Addison and Steele address themselves directly to extend intellectual life?

A. Children
B. Men of science
C. Women
D. Soldiers

Q5. Which famous club is depicted in The Spectator?

A. The Kit-Cat Club
B. The Scriblerus Club
C. The Spectator Club
D. The Johnson Club

Q6. Who is the eccentric and delightful Tory squire in The Spectator?

A. Sir Andrew Freeport
B. Captain Sentry
C. Sir Roger de Coverley
D. Will Honeycomb

Q7. Satirists in verse and prose had been cultivating 'character writing' taking models from...

A. Greek Theophrastus
B. Roman Seneca
C. Italian Dante
D. French Moliere

Q8. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the seventeenth-century character study became...

A. Mere lay figures
B. Catalogues of qualities
C. Personal and vital
D. Completely obsolete

Q9. The scenes from the life of Sir Roger in The Spectator are often considered...

A. The modern novel in germ
B. The first epic
C. The rebirth of tragedy
D. A political pamphlet

Q10. Post-Restoration literature had commonly employed wit in the service of...

A. Virtue
B. Vice
C. Patriotism
D. Religion

▶ Page 130 - Other Prose Writers and Drama

Q1. Who is the author of the clever satire 'The History of John Bull'?

A. Jonathan Swift
B. John Arbuthnot
C. Henry St. John
D. Francis Atterbury

Q2. 'The History of John Bull' created the traditional type of the true-born...

A. Scotsman
B. Irishman
C. Englishman
D. Welshman

Q3. Who declared he would burn his Gulliver's Travels if the world possessed a dozen Arbuthnots?

A. Addison
B. Pope
C. Swift
D. Steele

Q4. Which of Pope's friends wrote on politics and philosophy in an agreeable but showy style?

A. Bolingbroke
B. Arbuthnot
C. Atterbury
D. Berkeley

Q5. Who was the lively hero of the second version of Pope's Dunciad?

A. Colley Cibber
B. Joseph Butler
C. Francis Atterbury
D. Lord Shaftesbury

Q6. Which philosopher's 'Characteristics' popularized the optimism later expressed in the Essay on Man?

A. George Berkeley
B. Joseph Butler
C. Lord Shaftesbury
D. Francis Atterbury

Q7. Who wrote 'Principles of Human Knowledge'?

A. Shaftesbury
B. Berkeley
C. Butler
D. Bolingbroke

Q8. Who wrote the 'Analogy of Religion'?

A. Shaftesbury
B. Berkeley
C. Butler
D. Bolingbroke

Q9. Which tragedy by Addison attempted to introduce the French School drama to the English stage?

A. The Campaign
B. Cato
C. The Funeral
D. The Lying Lover

Q10. How are the characters in Addison's 'Cato' described?

A. Vital
B. Lifeless
C. Humorous
D. Rebellious

▶ Page 131 - Sentimental and Domestic Drama

Q1. The comedy of the time determined to purify itself from the licentiousness of...

A. The Elizabethan era
B. The Restoration drama
C. The Puritan drama
D. The Victorian era

Q2. Which dramatist's constant coarseness does not hide his moral intentions?

A. Steele
B. Cibber
C. Lillo
D. Addison

Q3. Who wrote 'The Constant Lovers'?

A. Addison
B. Cibber
C. Steele
D. Mrs. Centlivre

Q4. Steele became the founder of which kind of play?

A. Sentimental Comedy
B. Romantic Tragedy
C. Farce
D. Heroic Drama

Q5. Steele's plays were heavily over-weighted with...

A. Political satire
B. Ethical purpose
C. Romantic love
D. Historical facts

Q6. Who experimented with establishing a 'domestic drama' in tragedy?

A. George Lillo
B. Richard Steele
C. Colley Cibber
D. Joseph Addison

Q7. Which of the following is a work by George Lillo?

A. The Funeral
B. The Lying Lover
C. London Merchant
D. Cato

Q8. The characters and incidents of 'domestic drama' were taken from...

A. Common life
B. History
C. Romance
D. Mythology

Q9. George Lillo's didactic stress can be traced directly to his...

A. Anglicanism
B. Puritanism
C. Catholicism
D. Atheism

Q10. Strong reactions in the drama of this period illustrate the general truth that they always tend to...

A. Perfection
B. Moderation
C. Extremes
D. Irrelevance

▶ Page 132 - Timeline of the Age of Pope

Q1. When did Steele publish 'The Tender Husband'?

A. 1703
B. 1705
C. 1709
D. 1713

Q2. When were Pope's Pastorals published?

A. 1705
B. 1709
C. 1711
D. 1715

Q3. When did Berkeley publish 'Principles of Human Knowledge'?

A. 1705
B. 1710
C. 1715
D. 1720

Q4. When did Pope publish 'Essay on Criticism'?

A. 1709
B. 1711
C. 1715
D. 1720

Q5. When did Shaftesbury publish 'Characteristics'?

A. 1709
B. 1711
C. 1715
D. 1720

Q6. Pope's 'The Rape of the Lock' was published in...

A. 1712
B. 1715
C. 1720
D. 1725

Q7. Arbuthnot's 'History of John Bull' and Addison's 'Cato' were both published in...

A. 1710
B. 1712
C. 1713
D. 1715

Q8. When did Defoe publish 'Robinson Crusoe, Part I'?

A. 1715
B. 1718
C. 1719
D. 1722

Q9. Who wrote 'Universal Passion (satires)' in 1725?

A. Young
B. Swift
C. Gay
D. Thomson

Q10. Swift's 'Gulliver's Travels' was published in...

A. 1720-21
B. 1726-27
C. 1728-29
D. 1730-31

▶ Page 133 - Timeline Continuation and Character Writing

Q1. When did Pope publish 'Moral Essays'?

A. 1728-30
B. 1732-35
C. 1736-39
D. 1740-42

Q2. Lillo's 'The London Merchant' was published in the same year as the death of...

A. Swift
B. Pope
C. Defoe
D. Steele

Q3. Pope's 'Essay on Man' was published in...

A. 1730-32
B. 1732-34
C. 1735-37
D. 1740-42

Q4. Who wrote 'The Grave' (1742)?

A. Blair
B. Young
C. Butler
D. Lillo

Q5. What major work did Butler publish in 1736?

A. The Grave
B. Analogy
C. Night Thoughts
D. Moral Essays

Q6. When did Pope die?

A. 1742
B. 1744
C. 1745
D. 1750

Q7. When did Swift die?

A. 1742
B. 1744
C. 1745
D. 1750

Q8. Footnote 13 mentions 'The Characters of Sir Thomas Overbury'. What form of writing is this?

A. Drama
B. Epic poetry
C. Character writing
D. Travelogue

Q9. Who wrote 'Characters of Virtues and Vices'?

A. Sir Thomas Overbury
B. Joseph Hall
C. John Earle
D. John Dryden

Q10. Who wrote 'Microcosmographie'?

A. Sir Thomas Overbury
B. Joseph Hall
C. John Earle
D. John Dryden

▶ Page 134 - The Age of Johnson (1745-1798)

Q1. The Age of Johnson spans the years...

A. 1700-1745
B. 1745-1798
C. 1798-1832
D. 1832-1901

Q2. The men of Pope's time had settled down into formalism, taking as their guiding principle the rule of...

A. Religion
B. Emotion
C. Reason and good sense
D. Imagination

Q3. How is the atmosphere of the lives and writings of the Augustan era described?

A. Hard and dry
B. Emotional and warm
C. Deep and spiritual
D. Chaotic and confused

Q4. Pope's ridiculous optimism expresses the easy-going mood of a...

A. Troubled age
B. Self-complacent age
C. Revolutionary age
D. Romantic age

Q5. Whose kindly but thin and superficial social criticism reveals the same temper in a different form?

A. Swift and Defoe
B. Addison and Steele
C. Pope and Dryden
D. Johnson and Boswell

Q6. Who struck a discordant note with fierce misanthropy?

A. Pope
B. Addison
C. Swift
D. Steele

Q7. The new generation reacted against the smug self-complacency, chilliness, and...

A. Aridity of the preceding age
B. Passion of the preceding age
C. Superstition of the preceding age
D. Romance of the preceding age

Q8. The new generation began to crave something more...

A. Classical and restrained
B. Natural and spontaneous
C. Cynical and witty
D. Scientific and rational

Q9. They awoke to a sense that there were many things undreamt of in the shallow philosophy of the...

A. Romantic school
B. Augustan school
C. Elizabethan school
D. Victorian school

Q10. The men of Pope's time dreaded...

A. Reason and intellect
B. Formality
C. Earnestness and enthusiasm
D. Wit and satire

▶ Page 135 - Renaissance of Feelings and Humanitarianism

Q1. What is considered the one capital fact in the history of the transition period?

A. The Industrial Revolution
B. The renaissance of the feelings
C. The French Revolution
D. The discovery of America

Q2. In Pope's time, religion partaking of the general tendencies of society had been...

A. Spiritual and emotional
B. Formal, utilitarian, and unspiritual
C. Radical and dissenting
D. Mystical and romantic

Q3. The great evangelistic revival was led by...

A. Wesley and Whitefield
B. Johnson and Boswell
C. Addison and Steele
D. Wordsworth and Coleridge

Q4. The preachers of the preceding age sought rather to convince by argument than to move by...

A. Logic
B. Feeling
C. Reason
D. Threats

Q5. The discourses of the earlier preachers had been characterized by...

A. Impassioned tones
B. Decorum and reserve
C. Radical theology
D. Emotional appeals

Q6. The evangelists made their appeal directly to the...

A. Emotional nature
B. Rational mind
C. Aristocracy
D. State

Q7. The immense success of which musical work in 1743 was an index of the coming change?

A. Beethoven's Ninth
B. Bach's Mass
C. Handel's Messiah
D. Mozart's Requiem

Q8. A natural accompaniment of this revival in religion was a widening sympathy with...

A. Nature
B. Animals
C. Man as man
D. The Monarchy

Q9. What movement showed increasing vigor against the brutality and callousness of society?

A. The Romantic movement
B. The Humanitarian spirit
C. The Renaissance
D. The Enlightenment

Q10. All these changes were aspects of one great comprehensive movement: the rapid growth of...

A. Democracy
B. Aristocracy
C. Theocracy
D. Monarchy

▶ Page 136 - New Ideas, Revolution, and Samuel Johnson

Q1. People became increasingly familiar with the notions of...

A. Divine right of kings
B. Liberty, equality, and the rights of man
C. Predestination
D. Feudalism

Q2. Which great French writer launched passionate attacks upon civilization and all its idols?

A. Voltaire
B. Rousseau
C. Moliere
D. Hugo

Q3. Rousseau's fiery gospel was...

A. 'Back to nature'
B. 'Rule of reason'
C. 'Survival of the fittest'
D. 'Art for art's sake'

Q4. Across the Atlantic, a new Republic sprang into being on the principle that men are...

A. Born free and equal
B. Bound by duty
C. Subservient to the state
D. Ruled by the elite

Q5. A little later, a great storm burst over France known as the...

A. Hundred Years War
B. French Revolution
C. Renaissance
D. Reformation

Q6. The literature of this half-century exhibits a struggle between the powerful traditions of the Augustan age and...

A. The Medieval traditions
B. Various opposed theories
C. The Victorian era
D. The Renaissance

Q7. Who was the greatest English man of letters between Pope and Wordsworth?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Jonathan Swift
C. John Dryden
D. Thomas Gray

Q8. Where was Samuel Johnson born?

A. London
B. Lichfield
C. Stratford
D. Oxford

Q9. Who was Johnson's late pupil who traveled with him to London and became a famous actor?

A. Richard Steele
B. David Garrick
C. Colley Cibber
D. Oliver Goldsmith

Q10. In 1738, Johnson published a poem called...

A. The Vanity of Human Wishes
B. London
C. The Campaign
D. The Dunciad

▶ Page 137 - Johnson's Works and Life

Q1. What was the name of the magazine Johnson regularly contributed parliamentary reports to?

A. The Spectator
B. Cave's Magazine
C. The Tatler
D. The Rambler

Q2. What tragedy did Johnson produce in 1749?

A. Cato
B. Irene
C. The Campaign
D. The Rivals

Q3. Which periodical did Johnson start in March 1750?

A. The Rambler
B. The Idler
C. The Adventurer
D. The Citizen of the World

Q4. How long did Johnson work on his 'Dictionary of the English Language'?

A. Five years
B. Eight years
C. Ten years
D. Twelve years

Q5. To whom did Johnson write a magnificent letter that dealt a deathblow to the system of patronage?

A. Lord Shaftesbury
B. Lord Bolingbroke
C. Lord Chesterfield
D. Horace Walpole

Q6. What title did Smollett give to Johnson?

A. The King of Letters
B. The Great Cham of literature
C. The Literary Dictator
D. The Master Critic

Q7. When did Johnson publish his didactic tale, 'Rasselas'?

A. 1755
B. 1759
C. 1765
D. 1775

Q8. What is the title of Johnson's largest and greatest work published in 1779-81?

A. Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets
B. Journey to the Western Islands
C. The Rambler
D. The Vanity of Human Wishes

Q9. Where was Johnson buried?

A. St. Paul's Cathedral
B. Westminster Abbey
C. Lichfield Cathedral
D. Highgate Cemetery

Q10. Who said 'the memory of other authors is kept alive by their works, but the memory of Johnson keeps many of his works alive'?

A. Boswell
B. Macaulay
C. Smollett
D. Garrick

▶ Page 138 - Johnson as Critic and Moralist

Q1. Who is Johnson's hero-worshipping biographer?

A. David Garrick
B. James Boswell
C. Oliver Goldsmith
D. Joshua Reynolds

Q2. What was Johnson's general attitude as a critic of literature?

A. Revolutionary
B. Romantic
C. Conservative
D. Liberal

Q3. Whose poetry did Johnson fail to appreciate due to antipathy towards his politics and religion?

A. Spenser
B. Shakespeare
C. Milton
D. Pope

Q4. Which school of poetry did Johnson hold fast to?

A. The Augustan school
B. The Romantic school
C. The Metaphysical school
D. The Cavalier school

Q5. Broadly speaking, Johnson's philosophy was that of a...

A. Optimist
B. Pessimist
C. Pragmatist
D. Utilitarian

Q6. Which work is an adaptation of the tenth satire of Juvenal?

A. Rasselas
B. The Vanity of Human Wishes
C. London
D. Irene

Q7. 'Rasselas' is historically significant as a reply to the flimsy optimism of...

A. Swift and Defoe
B. Shaftesbury and Pope
C. Addison and Steele
D. Milton and Dryden

Q8. The protagonist of 'Rasselas' is a young prince from...

A. Persia
B. Abyssinia
C. Egypt
D. India

Q9. As a moralist, Johnson is characterized by remarkable...

A. Cynicism and doubt
B. Sanity and massive commonsense
C. Mysticism and romance
D. Emotional excess

Q10. In his major works, Johnson's conclusions show he was saved from hopelessness by his...

A. Strong religious faith
B. Financial success
C. Literary fame
D. Friends and club

▶ Page 139 - Johnson's Prose and Goldsmith's Early Life

Q1. What did Macaulay call Johnson's prose style?

A. Augustan prose
B. Johnsonese
C. Latinized English
D. Neo-classic style

Q2. Johnson's style is highly Latinized in vocabulary and marked in sentence structure by...

A. Short and punchy phrases
B. Colloquial idioms
C. Elaborate balance and antithesis
D. Stream of consciousness

Q3. Where was Oliver Goldsmith born?

A. Dublin, Ireland
B. Pallas, Co. Longford, Ireland
C. London, England
D. Edinburgh, Scotland

Q4. What profession did Goldsmith ostensibly go to Edinburgh and Leyden to study?

A. Law
B. Theology
C. Medicine
D. Literature

Q5. In 1755, Goldsmith set out to make the Grand Tour of Europe equipped with one clean shirt, a guinea, and a...

A. Walking stick
B. German flute
C. Set of medical instruments
D. Volume of poetry

Q6. From which of Goldsmith's novels can we learn about his continental wanderings?

A. Robinson Crusoe
B. The Vicar of Wakefield
C. Rasselas
D. Tom Jones

Q7. Which poem by Goldsmith is also thought to reflect his European experiences?

A. The Deserted Village
B. The Traveller
C. London
D. The Vanity of Human Wishes

Q8. In what year did Goldsmith reach London penniless and friendless?

A. 1750
B. 1755
C. 1756
D. 1760

Q9. After arriving in London, Goldsmith acted as an assistant to an...

A. Apothecary
B. Attorney
C. Actor
D. Architect

Q10. At what age did Goldsmith drift into literature?

A. Twenty
B. Twenty-five
C. Thirty
D. Thirty-five

▶ Page 140 - Goldsmith's Works and Character

Q1. Much of Goldsmith's literary output belongs to the class popularly known as...

A. Masterpieces
B. Epics
C. 'Pot-boilers'
D. Memoirs

Q2. Which of the following is a poem by Goldsmith?

A. The Deserted Village
B. The Rape of the Lock
C. The Dunciad
D. Essay on Man

Q3. What is the title of Goldsmith's one novel?

A. Rasselas
B. The Vicar of Wakefield
C. Pamela
D. Joseph Andrews

Q4. Which of the following is a comedy by Goldsmith?

A. Cato
B. The Conscious Lovers
C. She Stoops to Conquer
D. The Rivals

Q5. What was the title of Goldsmith's series of essays?

A. The Rambler
B. The Citizen of the World
C. The Idler
D. The Spectator

Q6. Who said of Goldsmith that he 'wrote like an angel' but 'talked like poor Poll'?

A. Johnson
B. Boswell
C. Garrick
D. Burke

Q7. How did Johnson describe Goldsmith in his Latin epitaph?

A. A fierce satirist
B. A gentle master who touched nothing that he did not adorn
C. The greatest poet of his time
D. A tragic genius

Q8. Though Johnson often bullied Goldsmith, what did he not allow?

A. Goldsmith to write tragedy
B. Anyone else to bully him
C. Goldsmith to leave the club
D. Boswell to speak to him

Q9. When did Goldsmith die?

A. 1770
B. 1774
C. 1780
D. 1784

Q10. What state was Goldsmith in when he died?

A. Deeply in debt
B. Extremely wealthy
C. Politically powerful
D. Exiled from England

▶ Page 141 - Goldsmith's Drama and Prose Style

Q1. Goldsmith's comedies mark a reaction against...

A. Heroic Tragedy
B. Sentimental Comedy
C. Farce
D. Romantic Comedy

Q2. Who was Goldsmith's fellow-countryman that also played an equal part in reviving the true comic spirit?

A. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
B. David Garrick
C. Colley Cibber
D. Richard Steele

Q3. Which of the following is a comedy by Sheridan?

A. She Stoops to Conquer
B. The School for Scandal
C. The Good-Natured Man
D. The Conscious Lovers

Q4. A striking feature of Goldsmith's original writings is the strong...

A. Political allegory
B. Personal element
C. Religious doctrine
D. Philosophical detachment

Q5. Dr. Primrose in 'The Vicar of Wakefield' is modeled after Goldsmith's...

A. Brother
B. Father
C. Uncle
D. Grandfather

Q6. The good priest in 'The Deserted Village' is modeled after Goldsmith's...

A. Brother Henry
B. Father
C. Friend Johnson
D. Self

Q7. Moses, young Honeywood, and Tony Lumpkin are humorous studies of...

A. David Garrick
B. Samuel Johnson
C. James Boswell
D. Goldsmith himself

Q8. Though Goldsmith keeps near to actual life, he is in no sense a...

A. Realist
B. Romanticist
C. Moralist
D. Humorist

Q9. Everything Goldsmith takes out of experience undergoes what in his hands?

A. Satirisation
B. Idealisation
C. Dramatisation
D. Falsification

Q10. In his prose style, Goldsmith carried on the traditions of...

A. Johnson and Boswell
B. Swift and Pope
C. Addison and Steele
D. Dryden and Milton

▶ Page 142 - Historians of the Period

Q1. David Hume is better known as a...

A. Sceptical philosopher
B. Romantic poet
C. Radical politician
D. Playwright

Q2. What major historical work did David Hume write?

A. History of the Roman Empire
B. History of England
C. History of Scotland
D. History of America

Q3. Hume's History of England is greatly marred by carelessness and strong bias in favor of the...

A. Puritans
B. Stuarts
C. Hanoverians
D. Tudors

Q4. Following the lead of Voltaire, Hume combined his political narrative with information concerning...

A. Science and nature
B. Civilisation and manners
C. Religion and theology
D. Geography and trade

Q5. William Robertson wrote a History of Scotland, a History of America, and a History of...

A. The Renaissance
B. Charles V
C. The Middle Ages
D. The French Revolution

Q6. Who was incomparably the greatest historian of the time?

A. David Hume
B. Edward Gibbon
C. William Robertson
D. Edmund Burke

Q7. What is Edward Gibbon's acknowledged masterpiece?

A. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
B. History of England
C. The French Revolution
D. Rights of Man

Q8. The idea of writing the decline and fall of Rome first started in Gibbon's mind while he sat musing amongst the ruins of the...

A. Colosseum
B. Capitol
C. Pantheon
D. Forum

Q9. Gibbon's record begins with the reign of Titus (AD 98) and closes with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in...

A. 1066
B. 1215
C. 1453
D. 1588

Q10. The late E. A. Freeman noted that modern research has not set Gibbon aside. Which of the following is a fault found with him?

A. He lacks historical accuracy
B. He deals inadequately with religious aspects
C. He fails to research enough
D. His timeline is confused

▶ Page 143 - Political Prose: Burke, Paine, Godwin

Q1. Who is the great name in the political prose of the period?

A. David Hume
B. Edward Gibbon
C. Edmund Burke
D. Horace Walpole

Q2. Burke carried passionate moral earnestness and splendid logical powers into political controversy. His principles were those of...

A. Radicalism
B. Philosophic conservatism
C. Socialism
D. Utilitarianism

Q3. Which cause did Burke support in his speeches in 1774 and 1775?

A. The French Revolution
B. The American colonies
C. The abolition of slavery
D. The East India Company

Q4. In 'Reflections' (1790), what did Burke bitterly oppose?

A. The American Revolution
B. The French Revolution
C. The Spanish Inquisition
D. The monarchy

Q5. Who answered Burke's 'Reflections' with 'Rights of Man'?

A. William Godwin
B. Thomas Paine
C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D. David Hume

Q6. Which work is considered the first important English treatise on aesthetics by Burke?

A. Rights of Man
B. Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
C. Thoughts on the Present Discontents
D. Letter to a Noble Lord

Q7. Who is generally attributed as the author of the seventy letters filled with fierce invective under the signature 'Junius'?

A. Edmund Burke
B. Thomas Paine
C. Sir Philip Francis
D. Horace Walpole

Q8. Who was the most conspicuous philosophical supporter of the French Revolution in England?

A. Edmund Burke
B. William Godwin
C. Lord Chesterfield
D. Thomas Gray

Q9. What did William Godwin write?

A. Inquiry concerning Political Justice
B. Letters on a Regicide Peace
C. The Rights of Man
D. Thoughts on the Present Discontents

Q10. The letters of Chesterfield, addressed to his son, were intended as a manual in...

A. Political strategy
B. Polite behaviour
C. Military tactics
D. Business management

▶ Page 144 - Letter Writers and Walpole

Q1. Horace Walpole's letters are described as a lively chronicle of social doings, small talk, and...

A. Deep philosophy
B. Scandals
C. Religious debates
D. Economic theory

Q2. In what kind of circles did Horace Walpole play his part?

A. Revolutionary factions
B. Working class unions
C. Charmed circles of dilettante triflers
D. Academic institutions

Q3. What gives a rather poor impression of Walpole's character according to the text?

A. His profound sadness
B. His flippancy and frequent spitefulness
C. His extreme conservatism
D. His religious bigotry

Q4. According to Footnote 1, where was Rousseau born?

A. Paris
B. London
C. Geneva
D. Rome

Q5. Despite his birthplace, among which country's writers is Rousseau always classed?

A. English writers
B. Swiss writers
C. French writers
D. German writers

Q6. Walpole's letters are described as having a triviality of...

A. Purpose
B. Style
C. Length
D. Morals

Q7. Which author's name is mentioned to come up again in connection with the novel?

A. Lord Chesterfield
B. Horace Walpole
C. Edmund Burke
D. Sir Philip Francis

Q8. The letter writers cultivated their work both as a pastime and as an...

A. Art
B. Expense
C. Obligation
D. Educational tool

Q9. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's letters are particularly interesting when dealing with her varied experiences...

A. In the countryside
B. Abroad
C. In the royal court
D. During the war

Q10. Chesterfield's tone in his letters is that of a typical...

A. Preacher
B. Romantic poet
C. Man of the world
D. Philosopher

▶ Page 145 - The Novel before Richardson

Q1. The firm establishment and assured popularity of the novel dates from the age of...

A. Dryden
B. Pope
C. Johnson
D. Wordsworth

Q2. The establishment of the novel may be accounted the greatest achievement of the...

A. Romantic Age
B. Age of Johnson
C. Elizabethan Age
D. Victorian Age

Q3. It may be fairly contended that prose fiction passed definitely into its modern form with...

A. Defoe
B. Swift
C. Richardson
D. Fielding

Q4. Most of the prose fiction produced during the age of Shakespeare was purely...

A. Realistic
B. Romantic or didactic
C. Satirical
D. Historical

Q5. Which of the following writers produced purely romantic fiction during Shakespeare's age?

A. Sidney, Lodge, and Greene
B. More, Lyly, and Bacon
C. Nash and Marlowe
D. Defoe and Swift

Q6. A slight tendency to realism was shown in the picaresque work of...

A. Sidney
B. Greene
C. Nash
D. Lyly

Q7. What long-winded form of romance was imported from France?

A. Gothic Romance
B. Historical Romance
C. Heroic Romance
D. Pastoral Romance

Q8. The Heroic Romance was a strange compound of sham chivalry, pseudo-history, and sham...

A. Religion
B. Pastoralism
C. Philosophy
D. Science

Q9. The Heroic Romance enjoyed a temporary vogue on...

A. Italian soil
B. English soil
C. German soil
D. Spanish soil

Q10. The Heroic Romance reflected the extravagant gallantry of a...

A. Primitive society
B. Sophisticated society
C. Rural society
D. Monastic society

▶ Page 146 - The Transformation of Prose Fiction

Q1. In reaction against the prolixity and unreality of Heroic Romance, who began to cultivate a form of story marked by brevity?

A. Jane Austen
B. Aphra Behn
C. Frances Burney
D. George Eliot

Q2. Aphra Behn and several other women-writers showed a desire to get back to...

A. Truth and nature
B. Myth and legend
C. Classical ideals
D. Strict formalism

Q3. What extraneous influence contributed to the transformation of prose fiction?

A. The work of the Character-writers
B. The decline of poetry
C. The rise of science
D. The industrial revolution

Q4. The work of Addison and Steele in the periodical essay was an important influence on the...

A. Drama
B. Epic
C. Novel
D. Lyric poetry

Q5. Whose marvellously effective use of fiction as allegory has to be recognized?

A. Spenser's
B. Bunyan's
C. Milton's
D. Chaucer's

Q6. What kind of narrative became increasingly popular, whose forms and methods could easily be carried over into fictitious narrative?

A. History
B. Biography
C. Travelogue
D. Diary

Q7. Who adopted the manner and tone of actual biography with studious preciseness?

A. Swift
B. Defoe
C. Fielding
D. Smollett

Q8. Why did Defoe just miss his way to creating the genuine novel?

A. He lacked imagination
B. His style was too difficult
C. His tales deal so largely with strange adventure and crime
D. He focused too much on romance

Q9. No one before Richardson had written a novel of contemporary social and domestic life where interest depended on...

A. Epic battles
B. Ordinary people in a familiar setting
C. Magical realism
D. Political intrigue

Q10. With what novel did Richardson produce a story of contemporary social and domestic life?

A. Clarissa
B. Pamela
C. Tom Jones
D. Robinson Crusoe

▶ Page 147 - Historical Significance of the Novel

Q1. The popularity of the novel coincided with the growth of a reading public where who were becoming increasingly numerous?

A. Politicians
B. Women
C. Children
D. Soldiers

Q2. As a new form of art, the novel abandoned the cramping limitations of...

A. Romanticism
B. Classicism
C. Realism
D. Medievalism

Q3. The rise of the novel was one result of the...

A. Aristocratic movement
B. Democratic movement
C. Conservative movement
D. Industrial movement

Q4. The romance, like tragedy, had been almost consistently...

A. Middle-class
B. Proletarian
C. Aristocratic
D. Democratic

Q5. The novel's sympathetic handling of middle-class and low life is evidence of its...

A. Tragic nature
B. Democratic quality
C. Aristocratic bias
D. Religious purpose

Q6. Under whose firm rule was England settling down when the novel appeared?

A. King George III
B. Sir Robert Walpole
C. William Pitt
D. Lord North

Q7. As commerce and industry grew, the prestige of the old feudal nobility was on the...

A. Rise
B. Wane
C. Same level
D. Way to dominance

Q8. Who said of Pamela that it was the 'landmark of a great social, no less than a great literary transition'?

A. Macaulay
B. Lord Morley
C. Samuel Johnson
D. Thackeray

Q9. What did Lord Morley say all England went mad with enthusiasm over?

A. A tragic hero
B. A rustic lady's maid
C. A fallen king
D. A young explorer

Q10. The novel tended from the first to take a peculiar place as the typical art-form of the...

A. Feudal era
B. Introspective and analytical modern world
C. Classical world
D. Dark Ages

▶ Page 148 - Samuel Richardson and Pamela

Q1. What was Samuel Richardson's profession before he drifted into authorship?

A. Lawyer
B. Prosperous printer
C. Physician
D. Clergyman

Q2. At what age did Richardson begin his authorship?

A. 30
B. 40
C. 50
D. 60

Q3. Richardson was asked by publishers to prepare a little volume of...

A. Essays
B. Sermons
C. Poems
D. Letters

Q4. What was the underlying purpose of Richardson's suggested volume of letters?

A. Political debate
B. Guidance in conduct combined with instruction in composition
C. History of England
D. Entertainment for children

Q5. What was the title of Richardson's first epoch-making book?

A. Clarissa
B. Tom Jones
C. Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded
D. Sir Charles Grandison

Q6. What is the profession of the protagonist in 'Pamela'?

A. Governess
B. Cook
C. Lady's maid
D. Seamstress

Q7. What happens at the end of the story to Pamela?

A. She runs away
B. She becomes wealthy
C. The libertine son makes her his wife
D. She dies tragically

Q8. To a modern reader, the moral teaching in Pamela seems to the last degree...

A. Pure and noble
B. Sordid and mercenary
C. Complex and deep
D. Irrelevant

Q9. What was Richardson's masterpiece?

A. Pamela
B. Clarissa
C. Sir Charles Grandison
D. Amelia

Q10. What is the name of Richardson's third novel published in 1753?

A. Joseph Andrews
B. Tom Jones
C. Sir Charles Grandison
D. The Vicar of Wakefield

▶ Page 149 - Clarissa and Richardson's Style

Q1. Who is the scoundrel character in 'Clarissa' whose name has become proverbial?

A. Tom Jones
B. Lovelace
C. Blifil
D. Squire Western

Q2. How are Richardson's books structured?

A. As an epic poem
B. In the form of letters
C. As a diary
D. As a dramatic play

Q3. What is one disadvantage of Richardson's epistolary method?

A. It lacks detail
B. It leaves a sense of extreme artificiality
C. It is too brief
D. It is overly realistic

Q4. For what does Richardson still hold a pre-eminent place despite his prolixity?

A. Microscopic analysis of motive and passion
B. Action-packed plots
C. Historical accuracy
D. Comic relief

Q5. In many of its fundamental characteristics, Richardson's genius was rather...

A. Masculine than feminine
B. Feminine than masculine
C. Universal and objective
D. Cold and detached

Q6. From boyhood up, Richardson sought by preference the society of...

A. Scholars
B. Soldiers
C. Women
D. Politicians

Q7. What did the moral element in Richardson's work suffer greatly from?

A. His wide worldly experience
B. His narrow view and small first-hand knowledge of the world
C. His lack of religious faith
D. His political ambitions

Q8. Whose ethical traditions did Richardson carry on?

A. Swift and Pope's
B. Addison and Steele's
C. Dryden and Milton's
D. Chaucer's

Q9. The atmosphere of Richardson's books is compared to that of a...

A. Battlefield
B. Hot-house
C. Marketplace
D. Courtroom

Q10. Richardson's moralising is said to sometimes sink into wearisome...

A. Debate
B. Philosophy
C. Twaddle
D. Rhetoric

▶ Page 150 - Henry Fielding and His Novels

Q1. Who was the second of the eighteenth-century novelists and by far the greatest?

A. Tobias Smollett
B. Laurence Sterne
C. Henry Fielding
D. Oliver Goldsmith

Q2. How did Richardson judge Fielding's writings?

A. 'Magnificent and true'
B. 'Wretchedly low and dirty'
C. 'Pompous and heavy'
D. 'Divine and moral'

Q3. Before he took up the novel, what had Fielding been writing for some ten years?

A. Poetry
B. Essays
C. Plays
D. Biographies

Q4. Fielding's long training in drama taught him valuable lessons in the art of...

A. Rhyming
B. Construction
C. Stage design
D. Acting

Q5. What feeling did Fielding have towards 'Pamela'?

A. He admired its morality
B. He was disgusted by its sentimentalism and absurdities
C. He thought it was too short
D. He felt it was realistic

Q6. What was Fielding's first novel, originating as a burlesque of 'Pamela'?

A. Tom Jones
B. The Adventures of Joseph Andrews
C. Amelia
D. Jonathan Wild

Q7. In 'Joseph Andrews', the hero is supposedly the brother of...

A. Clarissa
B. Pamela
C. Amelia
D. Sophia

Q8. After parodying 'Pamela' for ten chapters, 'Joseph Andrews' becomes an epic of the...

A. Highway
B. Seas
C. Court
D. Battlefield

Q9. What is Fielding's greatest novel, published in 1749?

A. Joseph Andrews
B. Amelia
C. The History of Tom Jones
D. Pamela

Q10. Who is the squire that brings up the foundling hero in 'Tom Jones'?

A. Squire Western
B. Squire Allworthy
C. Squire Booby
D. Sir Charles

▶ Page 151 - Fielding's Structure and Smollett

Q1. What was Fielding's third great novel, published in 1751?

A. Jonathan Wild
B. Amelia
C. Tom Jones
D. Joseph Andrews

Q2. In 'Amelia', Fielding centered the interest in the character of a...

A. Foundling boy
B. Woman
C. Libertine
D. Corrupt politician

Q3. 'Amelia' is described as far less vigorous and humorous than its predecessors, exhibiting signs of...

A. Failing power
B. Growing genius
C. Romantic influence
D. Religious conversion

Q4. Fielding was much concerned about the structural principles of prose fiction, which he treated as a form of...

A. Science
B. History
C. Art
D. Philosophy

Q5. Where does Fielding present a skilled craftsman's essays on questions connected with his craft?

A. In his personal letters
B. In the prefaces and introductory chapters
C. In an independent pamphlet
D. In his plays

Q6. Which two writers lavished wildly extravagant praise upon the plot of 'Tom Jones'?

A. Johnson and Boswell
B. Pope and Swift
C. Coleridge and Thackeray
D. Addison and Steele

Q7. As a social satirist and teacher, Fielding's place is close beside his friend...

A. Joshua Reynolds
B. Hogarth
C. Garrick
D. Burke

Q8. In depicting vice, Fielding assumed limitless...

A. Freedom
B. Caution
C. Preaching
D. Censorship

Q9. What was the name of the third writer usually associated with Richardson and Fielding in the eighteenth-century novel?

A. Laurence Sterne
B. Oliver Goldsmith
C. Tobias Smollett
D. Daniel Defoe

Q10. How did Smollett gain first-hand knowledge of the sea and sailors?

A. He was an admiral
B. He spent some years as a surgeon on a man-of-war
C. He was a pirate
D. He worked as a merchant captain

▶ Page 152 - Tobias Smollett's Fiction

Q1. In what profession did Tobias Smollett spend some years early in his life?

A. Lawyer
B. Surgeon on a man-of-war
C. Teacher
D. Actor

Q2. What major historical work did Smollett produce as a publisher's opposition venture to Hume's?

A. History of Scotland
B. History of the World
C. History of England
D. History of Rome

Q3. Which of the following is a novel by Tobias Smollett?

A. The Adventures of Roderick Random
B. Tom Jones
C. The Vicar of Wakefield
D. Tristram Shandy

Q4. Smollett conceived the novel as a 'large diffused picture' of life and made little attempt to organize his materials into an...

A. Epic poem
B. Artistic whole
C. Historical document
D. Ethical treatise

Q5. Smollett's stories revert to which type of fiction?

A. Sentimental
B. Picaresque
C. Gothic
D. Epistolary

Q6. Smollett loves to dwell upon the most foul and nauseating phases of life, making the world he depicts a...

A. Dirty and dingy place
B. Romantic utopia
C. Classical paradise
D. Spiritual haven

Q7. Which of Smollett's novels is considered an exception for being finer in tone and richer in genuine comedy?

A. Peregrine Pickle
B. The Expedition of Humphry Clinker
C. Roderick Random
D. Count Fathom

Q8. Smollett's sickening realism of the ship scenes in 'Roderick Random' led directly to drastic changes for the better in the...

A. Workhouses
B. Prisons
C. Naval service
D. Orphanages

Q9. Smollett was the real creator of the English novel of the...

A. Court and aristocracy
B. Peasantry and farmers
C. Sea and of sailors
D. Clergy and church

Q10. Smollett was the first of our novelists to exploit systematically the national peculiarities of the...

A. French, Spanish, and Italian
B. Irish, Scotch, and Welsh
C. American and Canadian
D. Dutch and German

▶ Page 153 - Goldsmith and Sterne

Q1. What was Goldsmith's one excursion into the field of fiction?

A. Amelia
B. The Vicar of Wakefield
C. Clarissa
D. Evelina

Q2. In 'The Vicar of Wakefield', the plot is described as ill-concocted and full of glaring...

A. Truths
B. Improbabilities
C. Satire
D. Tragedy

Q3. Which character in 'The Vicar of Wakefield' is portrayed with delightful subtlety?

A. Squire Thornhill
B. Dr. Primrose
C. Moses
D. Mr. Burchell

Q4. 'The Vicar of Wakefield' made the novel directly...

A. Political
B. Humanitarian
C. Theological
D. Satirical

Q5. Who is the author of 'The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman'?

A. Tobias Smollett
B. Laurence Sterne
C. Oliver Goldsmith
D. Henry Fielding

Q6. How many volumes of 'Tristram Shandy' were published from 1759 to 1767?

A. Three
B. Five
C. Seven
D. Nine

Q7. 'Tristram Shandy' is described as less of a novel and more of a...

A. Romance
B. Tragedy
C. Medley of unconnected incidents
D. Scientific manual

Q8. Sterne's method in writing 'Tristram Shandy' was that of deliberate oddity and carefully cultivated...

A. Formality
B. Realism
C. Caprice
D. Logic

Q9. Why did Sterne leave 'Tristram Shandy' incomplete?

A. He lost interest
B. He died
C. It was banned
D. He lost his notes

Q10. Which scene towards the end of 'The Vicar of Wakefield' notably shows Goldsmith's large sympathy and human feeling?

A. The wedding scenes
B. The prison scenes
C. The court scenes
D. The market scenes

▶ Page 154 - Sentimentalism and Mackenzie

Q1. Which of the following is a character in Sterne's 'Tristram Shandy'?

A. Dr. Primrose
B. Corporal Trim
C. Squire Western
D. Captain Sentry

Q2. A new mood that arose during this period was the 'melting' mood of heightened...

A. Stoicism
B. Anger
C. Sensibility
D. Cynicism

Q3. What fresh type of man appeared upon the scene as a result of the new emotionalism?

A. The 'man of feeling'
B. The 'man of action'
C. The 'man of reason'
D. The 'man of iron'

Q4. Sterne was the first English writer to employ this new emotionalism as part of his regular...

A. Scientific method
B. Literary stock-in-trade
C. Political speeches
D. Philosophical essays

Q5. Who was the first writer on the Continent to employ this new emotionalism?

A. Voltaire
B. Goethe
C. Rousseau
D. Kant

Q6. What word did Sterne make classic and current to describe this tearful mood?

A. Melancholic
B. Sentimental
C. Romantic
D. Tragic

Q7. In what book did Sterne make the word 'sentimental' classic?

A. Tristram Shandy
B. Sentimental Journey
C. The Man of Feeling
D. The Traveller

Q8. Who is one of Sterne's direct followers mentioned in the text?

A. Henry Fielding
B. Samuel Richardson
C. Henry Mackenzie
D. Horace Walpole

Q9. What is Henry Mackenzie's principal novel?

A. The Man of Feeling
B. The Sentimental Man
C. Tears of Joy
D. The Mourner

Q10. How is Mackenzie's 'The Man of Feeling' described from beginning to end?

A. A triumphant epic
B. A perfect welter of tears
C. A bitter satire
D. A dry historical account

▶ Page 155 - Political Novels and Women Novelists

Q1. In his later life, Henry Mackenzie opposed the...

A. American Revolution
B. French Revolution
C. Abolition of slavery
D. Reform Bill

Q2. Writers who had a message soon began to perceive that the novel could be used as a means of popularising their...

A. Medical theories
B. Religious dogmas
C. Political and social ideas
D. Scientific discoveries

Q3. Who wrote the powerful novel 'Caleb Williams, or Things as They are' (1794)?

A. William Godwin
B. Thomas Paine
C. Edmund Burke
D. Tobias Smollett

Q4. Almost from the first, who began to take part in the growth of the novel?

A. Politicians
B. Clergymen
C. Women
D. Foreigners

Q5. Whose novel 'Evelina' laid the real foundations of the woman's novel?

A. Jane Austen
B. Clara Reeve
C. Frances Burney
D. Ann Radcliffe

Q6. In what year was Frances Burney's 'Evelina' published?

A. 1768
B. 1778
C. 1788
D. 1798

Q7. What did Samuel Johnson affectionately call Frances Burney?

A. Sweet Fanny
B. Little Fanny
C. Dear Fanny
D. Clever Fanny

Q8. 'Evelina' was reckoned the greatest success since which novel?

A. Tom Jones
B. Pamela
C. Clarissa
D. Tristram Shandy

Q9. Frances Burney may be regarded as the founder of which school of fiction?

A. The 'Gothic school'
B. The 'tea-table school'
C. The 'sentimental school'
D. The 'romantic school'

Q10. What was Frances Burney's second, more ambitious book?

A. Cecilia
B. Camilla
C. The Wanderer
D. Emma

▶ Page 156 - The Revival of Romance

Q1. One important new movement was initiated when the novel began to respond to a growing interest in the...

A. Renaissance
B. Middle ages
C. Classical era
D. Industrial age

Q2. Who is the most conspicuous name in the revival of romance?

A. Henry Fielding
B. Samuel Johnson
C. Horace Walpole
D. Laurence Sterne

Q3. Walpole bought a small house near Twickenham which he transformed into a miniature...

A. Classical villa
B. Gothic castle
C. French chateau
D. Log cabin

Q4. What was the name of Walpole's toy castle?

A. Otranto House
B. Udolpho Castle
C. Strawberry Hill
D. Twickenham Keep

Q5. What was the title of Walpole's 'Gothic' romance published in 1765?

A. The Mysteries of Udolpho
B. The Castle of Otranto
C. The Old English Baron
D. The Romance of the Forest

Q6. Walpole claimed 'The Castle of Otranto' was inspired by a dream of a...

A. Ghostly monk
B. Gigantic hand in armour
C. Bleeding statue
D. Secret passageway

Q7. Which famous poet was so frightened by 'The Castle of Otranto' that he dreaded to go upstairs to bed?

A. Pope
B. Byron
C. Gray
D. Wordsworth

Q8. Who called 'The Castle of Otranto' 'the first romance in the language'?

A. Scott
B. Byron
C. Shelley
D. Keats

Q9. Who wrote 'The Old English Baron' (1777)?

A. Ann Radcliffe
B. Clara Reeve
C. Frances Burney
D. Horace Walpole

Q10. Ann Radcliffe gained an immense public by which of the following books?

A. The Castle of Otranto
B. The Old English Baron
C. The Mysteries of Udolpho
D. Evelina

▶ Page 157 - Matthew Gregory Lewis and Gothic Romance

Q1. Matthew Gregory Lewis achieved a great success with his first book titled...

A. The Castle of Otranto
B. The Mysteries of Udolpho
C. Ambrosio, or The Monk
D. The Italian

Q2. At what age did Lewis publish 'The Monk'?

A. Eighteen
B. Twenty
C. Twenty-five
D. Thirty

Q3. 'The Monk' owes much to which earlier Gothic works?

A. Pamela and Clarissa
B. The Castle of Otranto and The Mysteries of Udolpho
C. Tom Jones and Amelia
D. Tristram Shandy and The Sentimental Journey

Q4. How does 'The Monk' compare to its predecessors?

A. It is much more realistic
B. It has less supernatural elements
C. It outdoes both in the wild sensationalism of its machinery
D. It is a satirical take on them

Q5. Lewis is now best remembered for his personal relations with...

A. Byron
B. Wordsworth
C. Coleridge
D. Scott

Q6. What is the historical significance of works by writers like Lewis and Radcliffe?

A. Their focus on the industrial revolution
B. Their return to the romantic middle ages
C. Their political propaganda
D. Their scientific accuracy

Q7. These writers appealed to the imagination by the free use of...

A. Classical mythology
B. Historical facts
C. The mysterious and the supernatural
D. Domestic drama

Q8. The works of these Gothic writers did much to stimulate and fertilise the genius of...

A. Pope
B. Swift
C. Scott
D. Johnson

Q9. According to the text, is there much in the productions of Lewis or Radcliffe to interest us much today?

A. Yes, they are widely read
B. Little
C. They are completely forgotten
D. They are considered modern masterpieces

Q10. Lewis and Radcliffe were part of the general movement called the...

A. Enlightenment
B. Revival of romance
C. Neoclassical movement
D. Oxford movement

▶ Page 158 - The Age of Johnson: Verse

Q1. The history of later eighteenth-century poetry is the history of a struggle between...

A. Poetry and prose
B. Old and new
C. Town and country
D. Religion and science

Q2. Writers who followed the general practice of the school of Pope represent the continuance of the...

A. Romantic tradition
B. Augustan tradition
C. Victorian tradition
D. Medieval tradition

Q3. The breaking up of the Augustan tradition was marked by writers seeking fresh subjects, forms, and modes of...

A. Painting and sculpture
B. Feeling and expression
C. Political satire
D. Philosophical debate

Q4. Who wrote an 'Essay on Pope' in 1756?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Oliver Goldsmith
C. Joseph Warton
D. Edward Young

Q5. In his 'Essay on Pope', Joseph Warton took the ground that Pope was a great 'wit', but not a great...

A. Scholar
B. Critic
C. Poet
D. Thinker

Q6. Why did Warton argue Pope was not a great poet?

A. His metrics were poor
B. His work lacked imaginative and emotional qualities
C. He wrote too much prose
D. He focused too much on nature

Q7. Who wrote 'Conjectures on Original Composition' (1759)?

A. Young
B. Warton
C. Richardson
D. Fielding

Q8. To whom was 'Conjectures on Original Composition' addressed?

A. Pope
B. Johnson
C. Richardson
D. Walpole

Q9. What did Young maintain poets should depend upon instead of imitating classic models?

A. Foreign literature
B. Nature and the promptings of individual genius
C. Historical events
D. Religious scriptures

Q10. The Age of Johnson in respect of its poetry is obviously an age of...

A. Stagnation
B. Transition, innovation, and varied experiment
C. Strict classicism
D. Pure romanticism

▶ Page 159 - The Breakup of the Augustan Tradition

Q1. Classical poetry was mainly the product of the intelligence and was strikingly deficient in...

A. Satire
B. Rhyme
C. Emotion and imagination
D. Political references

Q2. Classical poetry was almost exclusively a poetry of the...

A. Country
B. Town
C. Sea
D. Mountains

Q3. During the reaction, poetry ceased to concern itself exclusively with the 'town' and began to deal with...

A. Foreign lands
B. Historical battles
C. Nature and rustic life
D. Urban poverty

Q4. A most important feature in the reaction against classical poetry is the growth of the sense of the...

A. Picturesque
B. Absurd
C. Tragic
D. Comedic

Q5. Efforts were made to break away from the stereotyped conventions of...

A. Blank verse
B. Free verse
C. 'Poetic diction'
D. Dramatic monologues

Q6. What was substituted for 'poetic diction'?

A. Complex Latinisms
B. Simplicity of phrase and the language of nature
C. French loanwords
D. Mathematical logic

Q7. The supremacy of which poetic form was attacked?

A. The sonnet
B. The closed couplet
C. The blank verse
D. The lyric

Q8. Which two writers are associated with the continuance of the Augustan tradition?

A. Wordsworth and Coleridge
B. Pope and Swift
C. Johnson and Goldsmith
D. Young and Warton

Q9. Which poetic spirit revived during this period, bringing great changes in themes and temper?

A. The classic spirit
B. The romantic spirit
C. The cynical spirit
D. The didactic spirit

Q10. The great general movement from old to new was the result of many forces that resolved under analysis into a number of...

A. Similar trends
B. Political parties
C. Different movements
D. Religious sects

▶ Page 160 - Johnson and Goldsmith's Poetry

Q1. In an epoch of change, Johnson and Goldsmith held fast to the...

A. Distant future
B. Medieval past
C. Immediate past
D. Renaissance era

Q2. Johnson took it for granted that the best kind of poetry was that which flourished in his...

A. Own time
B. Father's time
C. Ancient Greece
D. Elizabethan era

Q3. Johnson consistently opposed every experiment in which he detected signs of...

A. Artistic genius
B. Revolt against the Augustan tradition
C. Moral purity
D. Scientific progress

Q4. Goldsmith was convinced that the writers of the Augustan age provided the true standard for...

A. Future imitation
B. Historical research
C. Political action
D. Religious belief

Q5. For Goldsmith, who was the 'limit of classic English literature'?

A. Shakespeare
B. Milton
C. Dryden
D. Pope

Q6. To which poetic form did Goldsmith show a strong aversion?

A. The heroic couplet
B. The sonnet
C. Blank verse
D. The ode

Q7. Johnson's two chief poems, 'London' and 'The Vanity of Human Wishes', are formal, rhetorical, and adhere to the...

A. Free verse
B. Closed couplet
C. Spenserian stanza
D. Blank verse

Q8. Goldsmith's two important poems are 'The Traveller' and...

A. The Deserted Village
B. The Dunciad
C. The Seasons
D. Night Thoughts

Q9. Goldsmith's poems were described as versified pamphlets on...

A. Theology
B. Political economy
C. Military history
D. Astronomy

Q10. In Goldsmith's poems, the didactic thesis is often an excuse for...

A. Harsh satire
B. Digressions of the purest poetry
C. Personal attacks
D. Lengthy footnotes

▶ Page 161 - The Reaction in Form

Q1. Though conservative, Goldsmith yielded to the growing power of...

A. Mysticism
B. Sentimentalism
C. Rationalism
D. Gothicism

Q2. In treating nature, Goldsmith looks back at past experiences through a haze of...

A. Ignorance
B. Memory
C. Imagination
D. Sorrow

Q3. Even though Johnson was the strongest individual force in the literary world, he was unable to check the encroachments of the...

A. Monarchy
B. New spirit
C. Foreign writers
D. Industrialists

Q4. The main feature of the reaction in style was the abandonment of the...

A. Blank verse
B. Popean couplet
C. Sonnet form
D. Lyric meter

Q5. Growing admiration for which poet was the principal cause of the rise of blank verse?

A. Chaucer
B. Spenser
C. Milton
D. Shakespeare

Q6. What was the first important piece of eighteenth-century blank verse?

A. The Grave
B. Night Thoughts
C. The Chase
D. Thomson's Seasons

Q7. Which of the following works is an example of blank verse?

A. The Vanity of Human Wishes
B. The Traveller
C. Young's Night Thoughts
D. Essay on Man

Q8. Who wrote 'The Ruins of Rome' (1740) in blank verse?

A. Dyer
B. Akenside
C. Somerville
D. Blair

Q9. Who wrote 'The Pleasures of the Imagination' (1744)?

A. Dyer
B. Akenside
C. Young
D. Thomson

Q10. What other revival began quite early in the century?

A. The Miltonic revival
B. The Chaucerian revival
C. The Spenserian revival
D. The Shakespearean revival

▶ Page 162 - The Spenserian Revival

Q1. How many poems in the Spenserian stanza were published between 1730 and 1775?

A. Over 20
B. Over 30
C. Over 40
D. Over 50

Q2. Who wrote an emphatic protest in 'The Rambler' against the imitation of Spenser?

A. Alexander Pope
B. Samuel Johnson
C. Joseph Addison
D. William Shenstone

Q3. On what date was Johnson's protest published in 'The Rambler'?

A. May 14, 1751
B. June 15, 1752
C. April 12, 1750
D. May 10, 1753

Q4. What world did Spenser help open up for the new generation?

A. Classical antiquity
B. Neoclassical philosophy
C. Chivalry and medieval romance
D. Realistic urban life

Q5. Who wrote 'The Schoolmistress' (1742, revised 1750)?

A. James Thomson
B. William Shenstone
C. James Beattie
D. Samuel Johnson

Q6. For what purpose does 'The Schoolmistress' use the language and style of Spenser?

A. Serious imitation
B. Allegory
C. Burlesque
D. Religious instruction

Q7. Which poem adopts much of the Gothic machinery of the Faery Queene?

A. The Castle of Indolence
B. The Minstrel
C. The Schoolmistress
D. The Rambler

Q8. Who wrote 'The Minstrel' (1771-74)?

A. William Shenstone
B. James Thomson
C. James Beattie
D. Samuel Johnson

Q9. Until well into the 19th century, in what shape was the closed couplet mostly allowed to remain intact?

A. Dryden's shape
B. Pope's shape
C. Milton's shape
D. Chaucer's shape

Q10. Who were the poets that eventually substituted the loose romantic type for the Popean couplet?

A. Thomson and Beattie
B. Johnson and Shenstone
C. Leigh Hunt and Keats
D. Wordsworth and Coleridge

▶ Page 163 - The Growth of the Love of Nature

Q1. Between which two poets is the growth of a love of nature a marked feature in English poetry?

A. Dryden and Pope
B. Pope and Wordsworth
C. Wordsworth and Keats
D. Milton and Dryden

Q2. Who were referred to as the 'survivors of the giant race before the flood'?

A. Milton and Marvell
B. Parnell and Winchilsea
C. Addison and Steele
D. Pope and Swift

Q3. Which of the following poets showed a genuine sense of natural beauty during the Augustan age?

A. Alexander Pope
B. Thomas Parnell
C. Samuel Johnson
D. John Dryden

Q4. In general terms, what was English Augustan poetry primarily concerned with?

A. Rural landscapes
B. City life
C. Mountaineering
D. Marine exploration

Q5. Where did the muse of the Augustan time prefer to frequent?

A. Coffee-house and drawing-room
B. Rivers and lakes
C. Forests and hills
D. Castles and ruins

Q6. How did the refined taste of the generation view nature in its wilder and more rugged aspects?

A. It admired it
B. It was shocked by it
C. It painted it often
D. It romanticized it

Q7. According to Addison, when are the works of nature the more pleasing?

A. When they are completely wild
B. When they resemble art
C. When they lack symmetry
D. When they are untamed

Q8. Which group of poets in the 15th century painted landscape directly from reality rather than conventions?

A. English poets
B. Scottish poets
C. Welsh poets
D. Irish poets

Q9. Who wrote the real pastoral poem 'The Gentle Shepherd' (1725)?

A. James Thomson
B. Allan Ramsay
C. Thomas Parnell
D. John Dyer

Q10. In 'The Gentle Shepherd', who are the characters?

A. Traditional shadows of a literary Arcadia
B. Mythological figures
C. Genuine shepherds and shepherdesses
D. Kings and Queens in disguise

▶ Page 164 - The Growth of the Love of Nature (Continued)

Q1. Who wrote the descriptive poem in four parts called 'The Seasons'?

A. Allan Ramsay
B. James Thomson
C. John Dyer
D. William Collins

Q2. In what years was Thomson's 'The Seasons' published?

A. 1715-1719
B. 1726-1730
C. 1735-1739
D. 1740-1744

Q3. How is Thomson's style in 'The Seasons' often described due to its poetic conventions?

A. Simple and natural
B. Frigid and bombastic
C. Terse and epigrammatic
D. Loose and romantic

Q4. 'The Seasons' is historically claimed as the first really important poem where:

A. Nature is subordinated to man
B. Nature is made the central theme
C. Only city life is depicted
D. Blank verse is not used

Q5. Who wrote the descriptive poem 'Grongar Hill'?

A. James Thomson
B. John Dyer
C. Allan Ramsay
D. William Blake

Q6. What nationality was John Dyer?

A. Scottish
B. English
C. Welsh
D. Irish

Q7. In what year was 'Grongar Hill' published?

A. The same year as Thomson's Spring
B. The same year as Thomson's Winter
C. The same year as Ramsay's The Gentle Shepherd
D. The same year as Beattie's The Minstrel

Q8. The 'return to nature' meant a rising sense of all that is implied in the contrast between:

A. Nature and civilisation
B. Good and evil
C. Poetry and prose
D. Reason and emotion

Q9. What did the 'return to nature' suggest was the only way of salvation for men and nations?

A. Complex urban development
B. A radical simplification of life
C. Strict adherence to rules
D. Expansion of the empire

Q10. Where did poets seeking more elementary themes turn to?

A. The recognised centres of culture
B. Unsophisticated country-folk
C. Classical literature
D. Historical ruins

▶ Page 165 - The Development of Naturalism

Q1. Which of the following was a principal object aimed at by poets of the new generation?

A. Greater complexity in passions described
B. Greater simplicity in the language employed
C. Reverting to Latinized vocabulary
D. Writing strictly in closed couplets

Q2. The utmost stress in the naturalistic reaction must be laid upon the attempt to bring poetry back to:

A. The drawing-room
B. Augustan traditions
C. Nature and reality
D. The Middle Ages

Q3. On the side of matter and style, simplification was much aided by the spread of an interest in:

A. Epic literature
B. Old ballad literature
C. Metaphysical poetry
D. Classical drama

Q4. Which Augustan critic perceived that the informality of 'Chevy Chase' gave it a wonderful power of appeal?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Joseph Addison
C. Alexander Pope
D. John Dryden

Q5. What old ballad did Addison praise alongside 'Chevy Chase'?

A. Sir Patrick Spens
B. The Babes in the Wood
C. Robin Hood
D. The Nut-Brown Maid

Q6. How had the Augustans 'refined' the old ballad phrase 'God rest his soul'?

A. 'May his spirit find peace'
B. 'Eternal blessings on his shade attend'
C. 'Heaven protect his spirit'
D. 'May angels guide his flight'

Q7. What was Samuel Johnson's general attitude toward the old ballads?

A. He highly praised them
B. He imitated them in his works
C. He ridiculed them
D. He considered them the peak of English literature

Q8. People began to discover that the simpler form of the old ballads was:

A. Worse than the translation
B. Much better and more poetical than the translation
C. Too archaic to understand
D. Unfit for serious reading

Q9. Who 'polished' some of the old ballads in his collection as a concession to the extreme refinement of his age?

A. Thomas Percy
B. Joseph Addison
C. Samuel Johnson
D. Allan Ramsay

Q10. The discovery of the superiority of natural poetry led to a change of taste that was fatal to:

A. The Romantic movement
B. The Elizabethan revival
C. The theories of the Augustan school
D. The Spenserian stanza

▶ Page 166 - Blake and Crabbe

Q1. Who is described as a mystic and a visionary whose effusions were inspired by the desire to restore the golden age?

A. William Cowper
B. William Blake
C. George Crabbe
D. Robert Burns

Q2. Which of the following works is NOT by William Blake?

A. Poetical Sketches
B. Songs of Innocence
C. Songs of Experience
D. The Borough

Q3. Blake is considered a leader in the poetry of ordinary things, which was later brought to perfection by:

A. John Keats
B. Lord Byron
C. William Wordsworth
D. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Q4. Who was a contemporary of Blake known for uncompromising realism?

A. George Crabbe
B. Robert Burns
C. James Beattie
D. Thomas Gray

Q5. Which of these works was written by George Crabbe?

A. The Castle of Indolence
B. The Village
C. The Minstrel
D. Songs of Innocence

Q6. For many years, what was George Crabbe's occupation?

A. A London merchant
B. A hard-working parish clergyman
C. A political writer
D. A university professor

Q7. What was Crabbe's programmatic principle in depicting the life of the poor?

A. Idealising their struggles
B. Unflinching fidelity to facts
C. Imitating pastoral conventions
D. Romanticizing their poverty

Q8. How did the romantic movement influence Crabbe?

A. He was heavily influenced by it
B. He led the movement
C. He remained entirely uninfluenced by it
D. He incorporated its mysticism

Q9. What poetic form did Crabbe regularly employ?

A. The Spenserian stanza
B. Blank verse
C. The closed couplet
D. The ballad stanza

Q10. The Romantic Revival was a revolt against the hard temper and dry intellectuality of which school?

A. The Elizabethan school
B. The Augustan school
C. The Metaphysical school
D. The Pre-Raphaelite school

▶ Page 167 - The Romantic Revival

Q1. Which French writer described romanticism as 'liberalism in literature'?

A. Voltaire
B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C. Victor Hugo
D. Émile Zola

Q2. Who defined the romantic revival as 'the renaissance of wonder and mystery'?

A. Victor Hugo
B. Theodore Watts-Dunton
C. Samuel Johnson
D. Matthew Arnold

Q3. Romanticism implies the assertion of individuality against:

A. The conventions of the schools
B. The state government
C. Religious institutions
D. Rural lifestyles

Q4. Which of the following is considered a component element of the romantic mood and temper?

A. Dry intellectuality
B. Melancholy
C. Strict obedience to rules
D. Dispassionate logic

Q5. Why are the couplets of Keats's 'Endymion' called romantic?

A. Because they follow Pope's style
B. Because they repudiate the formal canons of the Augustan form
C. Because they are written in Latin
D. Because they are highly structured and enclosed

Q6. The spirit of Gray's 'Elegy' is associated with romantic:

A. Joy
B. Passion
C. Melancholy
D. Supernaturalism

Q7. Byron's eastern tales are primarily noted for their romantic:

A. Melancholy
B. Passion
C. Supernaturalism
D. Simplicity

Q8. Which poem by Coleridge is cited as an example of supernaturalism?

A. The Prelude
B. Endymion
C. The Ancient Mariner
D. The Lay of the Last Minstrel

Q9. What historical period was considered essentially romantic from all points of view?

A. The Renaissance
B. Classical Antiquity
C. The Middle Ages
D. The Enlightenment

Q10. The Lay of the Last Minstrel was written by:

A. John Keats
B. Lord Byron
C. Walter Scott
D. Samuel Taylor Coleridge

▶ Page 168 - The Gothic Revival

Q1. Which prose fiction work's production coincided with the conspicuous influence of the medieval revival in poetry?

A. The Mysteries of Udolpho
B. The Castle of Otranto
C. Robinson Crusoe
D. Gulliver's Travels

Q2. Who wrote 'Letters on Chivalry and Romance' (1762)?

A. Richard Hurd
B. Thomas Percy
C. William Shenstone
D. Horace Walpole

Q3. What did Richard Hurd maintain provided far better material for poetry than classical mythology?

A. Contemporary events
B. Gothic manners
C. Biblical stories
D. Urban life

Q4. According to Hurd, the poet has a world of his own where experience has less to do than:

A. Consistent imitation
B. Scientific observation
C. Strict obedience
D. Rational thought

Q5. Hurd argued against the Augustan principle that the poet should:

A. 'Write from the heart'
B. 'Follow nature' (in the sense of beaten tracks of experience)
C. 'Explore the supernatural'
D. 'Reject classical myths'

Q6. Who published 'Reliques of Ancient English Poetry' in 1765?

A. Richard Hurd
B. Bishop Percy
C. William Shenstone
D. Thomas Chatterton

Q7. Who originally suggested the publication of Percy's 'Reliques'?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. William Shenstone
C. Thomas Gray
D. Horace Walpole

Q8. Percy's 'Reliques' made an epoch in the intellectual development of which famous writer?

A. William Wordsworth
B. Walter Scott
C. Lord Byron
D. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Q9. What did Hurd claim the poet has to range in?

A. A rational world
B. A mechanical world
C. A supernatural world
D. A purely historical world

Q10. Classical mythology by Hurd's time was considered:

A. Fresh and inspiring
B. Worn threadbare and reduced to lifeless convention
C. Too complex to understand
D. The only valid poetic subject

▶ Page 169 - Thomas Chatterton and Celtic Antiquity

Q1. What did Percy prefix as an introduction to the ballads in his 'Reliques'?

A. An Essay on Gothic Architecture
B. An Essay on the Ancient Minstrels
C. A Treatise on Romanticism
D. A History of Chivalry

Q2. Percy's Essay on the Ancient Minstrels was the immediate inspiration for which poem?

A. Thomson's Castle of Indolence
B. Beattie's Minstrel
C. Chatterton's Aella
D. Gray's Elegy

Q3. Thomas Chatterton was known as:

A. The marvelous boy
B. The blind poet
C. The mystic visionary
D. The last minstrel

Q4. Which mythical 15th-century Bristol priest did Chatterton invent as the author of his poems?

A. Thomas Percy
B. Thomas Rowley
C. William Langland
D. John Gower

Q5. Which famous figure did Chatterton's fabrications manage to deceive for a time?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Horace Walpole
C. Richard Hurd
D. Alexander Pope

Q6. At what age did Chatterton die by his own hand in a London garret?

A. 15
B. 17
C. 19
D. 21

Q7. Which of these works is among Chatterton's 'Rowley' poems?

A. The Gentle Shepherd
B. Aella
C. The Schoolmistress
D. Endymion

Q8. Who wrote the 'Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland'?

A. James Macpherson
B. William Collins
C. Thomas Gray
D. William Shenstone

Q9. In what year was Collins's Ode on the Popular Superstitions written?

A. 1749
B. 1765
C. 1788
D. 1798

Q10. What young Scottish schoolmaster published 'Fragments of Ancient Poetry' in 1760?

A. Allan Ramsay
B. James Macpherson
C. James Beattie
D. Robert Burns

▶ Page 170 - The Ossianic Poems

Q1. Which epic poem did Macpherson produce in six books in 1762?

A. Temora
B. Fingal
C. Aella
D. Beowulf

Q2. Who did Macpherson claim was the actual author of his translated poems?

A. A 3rd-century Gaelic bard named Ossian
B. A 15th-century priest named Rowley
C. An ancient Roman poet
D. A mythical Welsh king

Q3. Who among the following denounced Macpherson's poems as gross and impudent forgeries?

A. William Collins
B. Samuel Johnson
C. Horace Walpole
D. Thomas Gray

Q4. In what literary form did Macpherson write his translations of Ossian?

A. Spenserian stanzas
B. Heroic couplets
C. Loosely rhythmical prose
D. Blank verse

Q5. The matter and spirit of the Ossianic poems are described as wildly:

A. Classical
B. Neoclassical
C. Romantic
D. Realistic

Q6. The Ossianic poems are steeped in:

A. Joy and celebration
B. Melancholy and sentimentalism
C. Scientific logic
D. Urban sophistication

Q7. What kind of landscape is depicted in the Ossianic poems?

A. Trim gardens and parks
B. Bustling city streets
C. Mountains and mists
D. Tropical islands

Q8. How did the readers of Macpherson's time view the Ossianic poems?

A. As purely academic exercises
B. As tedious reading
C. As a genuine voice out of the strong, unspoilt, primitive past
D. As religious texts

Q9. What was a conspicuous feature of the Ossianic poems that appealed to people?

A. The desire to get 'back to nature'
B. The promotion of courtly love
C. The defense of artificial society
D. The use of strict rhyming couplets

Q10. Where did a wave of Ossianic enthusiasm sweep over, leading to children being named after its heroes?

A. Only in Scotland
B. Across Europe, notably in revolutionary France
C. In America
D. In Ireland

▶ Page 171 - Gray, Burns, and Cowper

Q1. The whole movement for the revival of the romantic past came to its head in which decade?

A. 1720-1730
B. 1740-1750
C. 1760-1770
D. 1780-1790

Q2. Which of the following works was NOT published during the 1760-1770 decade?

A. Percy's Reliques
B. Castle of Otranto
C. The Lyrical Ballads
D. Macpherson's Ossian

Q3. Which two poets grew into boyhood just in time to feel the full force of the romantic influences from the 1760s?

A. Pope and Swift
B. Scott and Coleridge
C. Thomson and Dyer
D. Keats and Shelley

Q4. How is Thomas Gray described?

A. A robust man and prolific writer
B. A man of poor physique, a great scholar, and a recluse
C. An active politician
D. A controversial journalist

Q5. Which of Gray's first poetic efforts was written in the closed couplet and left unfinished?

A. The Alliance of Education and Government
B. The Bard
C. Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College
D. The Progress of Poesy

Q6. What was Thomas Gray's first published English poem?

A. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
B. Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College
C. Ode to Spring
D. On the Death of a Favourite Cat

Q7. Who published Gray's 'Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College' anonymously in 1747?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Robert Dodsley
C. Thomas Percy
D. Richard Hurd

Q8. In what year was Gray's 'Elegy written in a Country Churchyard' published?

A. 1742
B. 1747
C. 1751
D. 1757

Q9. How many editions did Gray's 'Elegy' quickly go through after its publication?

A. Five
B. Ten
C. Fifteen
D. Twenty

Q10. Gray's early poems like 'Ode to Spring' and 'On the Death of a Favourite Cat' are described as:

A. Radically romantic in style
B. Conventional in thought and diction
C. Written in blank verse
D. Imitations of Ossian

▶ Page 172 - Gray and Burns

Q1. Which poem is described as having features making it historically very important, including a churchyard scene and twilight atmosphere?

A. The Deserted Village
B. The Task
C. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
D. The Cotter's Saturday Night

Q2. What Augustan poetic trick does Gray continue to use in the 'Elegy'?

A. Free verse
B. Heroic couplets exclusively
C. Personification and capital letters
D. Satirical allegories

Q3. Which of the following is one of Gray's two great odes?

A. The Task
B. The Bard
C. The Fatal Sisters
D. Ode to Duty

Q4. Gray's great odes are filled with the new conception of the poet as:

A. An accomplished artist or 'wit'
B. An inspired singer or 'enthusiast'
C. A political commentator
D. A logical philosopher

Q5. Which of Gray's short poems takes its place in the history of the revival of the romantic past?

A. The Progress of Poesy
B. The Fatal Sisters
C. Ode to Spring
D. The Alliance of Education and Government

Q6. Robert Burns was a poet primarily known for being a:

A. Wealthy aristocrat
B. London city merchant
C. Scottish peasant
D. Welsh clergyman

Q7. In Gray's 'Elegy', the contrast is drawn between the peasants' simple life and what?

A. The madding crowd's ignoble strife
B. The corrupt court's vanity
C. The philosopher's solitude
D. The soldier's tragic glory

Q8. What was the ultimate basis of Robert Burns's strength as a poet?

A. Absolute sincerity to himself and his surroundings
B. His imitation of Alexander Pope
C. His mastery of classical Latin poetry
D. His wealthy patrons

Q9. Gray's 'Elegy' reaches out to include humble aspects of life under the influence of the spreading:

A. Autocratic spirit
B. Democratic spirit
C. Religious revival
D. Industrial revolution

Q10. How did Gray's poetic career develop over time?

A. From romanticism to Augustan verse
B. He wrote only in one style his whole life
C. From versified pamphlets in Pope's manner to fundamentally romantic experiments
D. From dramatic plays to pastoral comedies

▶ Page 173 - Robert Burns and William Cowper

Q1. Was Robert Burns considered an unlettered plowman?

A. Yes, he could barely read or write
B. No, he read widely and critically
C. Yes, he relied entirely on oral tradition
D. No, he was a university professor

Q2. What is Robert Burns's most ambitious poem?

A. The Task
B. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
C. The Cotter's Saturday Night
D. The Bard

Q3. In what stanza is 'The Cotter's Saturday Night' written?

A. Heroic Couplet
B. Blank Verse
C. Spenserian Stanza
D. Terza Rima

Q4. What were the chief literary influences behind Burns's own work?

A. Standard English literature
B. Classical Greek drama
C. Vernacular poetry like songs and ballads of Scottish peasant folk
D. French romantic novels

Q5. To which political spirit of his age was Burns keenly responsive?

A. The Royalist spirit
B. The Revolutionary spirit
C. The Imperialist spirit
D. The Reactionary spirit

Q6. Who wrote the line: 'The rank is but the guinea's stamp / The man's the gowd for a' that'?

A. Thomas Gray
B. William Cowper
C. Robert Burns
D. Christopher Smart

Q7. What was William Cowper's temperament described as?

A. Full-blooded and robust
B. Delicate, sensitive, morbid
C. Joyful and highly sociable
D. Apathetic and stoic

Q8. Why did William Cowper begin to write poetry late in life?

A. To make money for his debts
B. To win literary fame
C. As a means of keeping his mind from preying upon itself
D. To challenge Robert Burns's popularity

Q9. In his satires, which conventional model does Cowper follow?

A. Dryden
B. Spenser
C. Milton
D. Pope

Q10. What is William Cowper's principal poem?

A. The Task
B. The Seasons
C. The Cotter's Saturday Night
D. Grongar Hill

▶ Page 174 - William Cowper's Poetry

Q1. 'The Task' is often considered the poetic masterpiece of later 18th century:

A. Rationalism
B. Evangelicalism
C. Catholicism
D. Romanticism

Q2. What verse form is 'The Task' written in?

A. Blank verse
B. Heroic couplet
C. Spenserian stanza
D. Ballad meter

Q3. How is the structure of 'The Task' described?

A. Tightly organized with a clear narrative
B. Extremely discursive, rambling, and wanting in structural backbone
C. Composed of strict five-act dramatic sections
D. Formatted as an epistolary novel

Q4. Who wrote the line: 'God made the country and man made the town'?

A. Robert Burns
B. Thomas Gray
C. William Cowper
D. Alexander Pope

Q5. In his sympathetic treatment of nature and landscape, Cowper comes nearest of all 18th century poets to:

A. John Keats
B. William Wordsworth
C. Lord Byron
D. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Q6. What does 'The Task' denounce as the symbol of tyranny and irresponsible authority?

A. The British Monarchy
B. The Bastille
C. The Church of England
D. The Tower of London

Q7. When was the passage attacking the Bastille published in 'The Task'?

A. 1775
B. 1785
C. 1789
D. 1793

Q8. In a rough way, due to indications of social unrest, Cowper's poetry points forward to which poet?

A. Keats
B. Shelley
C. Byron
D. Scott

Q9. When Cowper was born, who was at the height of his power?

A. John Dryden
B. Alexander Pope
C. John Milton
D. Samuel Johnson

Q10. What did Cowper say was the real text of 'The Task'?

A. Praise of retirement and of country life as favourable to religion and virtue
B. The promotion of industrialization in cities
C. The defense of classical literary rules
D. A purely autobiographical confession

▶ Page 175 - Christopher Smart and the Age of Johnson

Q1. Where was Christopher Smart educated?

A. Oxford
B. Cambridge
C. Edinburgh
D. Dublin

Q2. Where did Christopher Smart spend a while towards the end of his life due to poverty?

A. In exile in France
B. In a debtors' prison
C. On a wealthy patron's estate
D. In the royal court

Q3. Which of Christopher Smart's poems is considered one of the greatest among English religious poems?

A. Jubilate Agno
B. Song to David
C. The Task
D. Night Thoughts

Q4. Robert Browning's poem 'Saul' owed much to which of Smart's works?

A. Jubilate Agno
B. The Hop-Garden
C. Song to David
D. A Song to David

Q5. What is the name of Smart's remarkable work that was left as a jumble of manuscript?

A. Song to David
B. Jubilate Agno
C. The Seasons
D. The Task

Q6. Who is 'Jeoffrey' in Smart's 'Jubilate Agno'?

A. His son
B. His dog
C. His cat
D. His patron

Q7. In what year was Richardson's 'Pamela' published?

A. 1740
B. 1742
C. 1748
D. 1751

Q8. In what year was Fielding's 'Joseph Andrews' published?

A. 1740
B. 1742
C. 1748
D. 1749

Q9. Which famous poet died in 1744?

A. John Dryden
B. Alexander Pope
C. James Thomson
D. Samuel Johnson

Q10. In what year was Fielding's 'Tom Jones' published?

A. 1748
B. 1749
C. 1751
D. 1754

▶ Page 176 - Chronology of the Age of Johnson

Q1. In what year was Johnson's Dictionary published?

A. 1751
B. 1755
C. 1759
D. 1765

Q2. Who wrote 'Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful' published in 1756?

A. Samuel Johnson
B. Edmund Burke
C. David Hume
D. Adam Smith

Q3. Which history book was published by David Hume between 1754 and 1761?

A. History of Scotland
B. History of England
C. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
D. History of Great Britain

Q4. In what year was Samuel Johnson's 'Rasselas' published?

A. 1755
B. 1759
C. 1764
D. 1765

Q5. Which famous English novelist, author of 'Pamela' and 'Clarissa', died in 1761?

A. Henry Fielding
B. Tobias Smollett
C. Samuel Richardson
D. Laurence Sterne

Q6. When was Laurence Sterne's 'Tristram Shandy' published?

A. 1740-42
B. 1748-51
C. 1759-61
D. 1764-70

Q7. Which poet, famous for his 'Songs of Innocence', was born in 1757?

A. William Cowper
B. Robert Burns
C. William Blake
D. George Crabbe

Q8. In what year was Horace Walpole's 'The Castle of Otranto' published?

A. 1759
B. 1760
C. 1764
D. 1765

Q9. Which important ballad collection was published by Percy in 1765?

A. Lyrical Ballads
B. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry
C. Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border
D. Ossianic Poems

Q10. Between 1760 and 1763, James Macpherson published the poems of which supposedly ancient bard?

A. Rowley
B. Ossian
C. Taliesin
D. Merlin

▶ Page 177 - Chronology of the Age of Johnson (Cont.)

Q1. In what year was Goldsmith's 'The Vicar of Wakefield' published?

A. 1764
B. 1766
C. 1770
D. 1773

Q2. Which poem by Oliver Goldsmith was published in 1770?

A. The Traveller
B. The Deserted Village
C. The Good-natured Man
D. The Minstrel

Q3. Who was born in 1770, the same year Chatterton died?

A. William Wordsworth
B. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C. Walter Scott
D. Robert Southey

Q4. When was Tobias Smollett's 'Humphry Clinker' published?

A. 1766
B. 1768
C. 1771
D. 1775

Q5. Which future famous novelist was born in 1771, the same year Gray and Smollett died?

A. Jane Austen
B. Walter Scott
C. Maria Edgeworth
D. Charles Dickens

Q6. Who wrote the plays 'The Rivals' (1775) and 'The School for Scandal' (1777)?

A. Oliver Goldsmith
B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
C. Henry Fielding
D. Samuel Foote

Q7. In what year was Fanny Burney's 'Evelina' published?

A. 1774
B. 1776
C. 1778
D. 1783

Q8. Between 1776 and 1788, which monumental historical work by Gibbon was published?

A. History of England
B. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
C. History of the World
D. The French Revolution

Q9. Which two speeches on America did Edmund Burke deliver in 1774 and 1775?

A. American Taxation and Conciliation with America
B. The Rights of Man and Common Sense
C. American Independence and The Boston Tea Party
D. The Wealth of Nations and The Stamp Act

Q10. Who was born in 1772?

A. Wordsworth
B. Southey
C. Coleridge
D. Byron

▶ Page 178 - Chronology to the Lyrical Ballads

Q1. In what year were William Blake's 'Poetical Sketches' published?

A. 1783
B. 1786
C. 1789
D. 1794

Q2. What year marks the death of Samuel Johnson?

A. 1779
B. 1781
C. 1784
D. 1791

Q3. In what year were Robert Burns's first poems published?

A. 1783
B. 1786
C. 1789
D. 1792

Q4. Which famous poet was born in 1788?

A. Percy Bysshe Shelley
B. John Keats
C. Lord Byron
D. John Clare

Q5. Edmund Burke published 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' in which year?

A. 1789
B. 1790
C. 1792
D. 1794

Q6. Who wrote 'The Rights of Man' (1791-92)?

A. William Godwin
B. Thomas Paine
C. Edmund Burke
D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Q7. When was James Boswell's 'Life of Johnson' published?

A. 1784
B. 1788
C. 1791
D. 1795

Q8. Who wrote 'Political Justice' (1793) and 'Caleb Williams' (1794)?

A. Thomas Paine
B. William Godwin
C. Matthew Lewis
D. Ann Radcliffe

Q9. Matthew Lewis's Gothic novel 'The Monk' was published in:

A. 1791
B. 1793
C. 1795
D. 1798

Q10. What landmark publication occurred in 1798?

A. Blake's Songs of Experience
B. Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads
C. Cowper's The Task
D. Burns's Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect

▶ Page 179 - The Age of Wordsworth

Q1. The Age of Wordsworth covers approximately which years?

A. 1740-1798
B. 1798-1832
C. 1832-1850
D. 1789-1815

Q2. The Age of Wordsworth is characterized by the triumph of which two movements in literature?

A. Classicism and Rationalism
B. Romanticism and Naturalism
C. Realism and Naturalism
D. Modernism and Symbolism

Q3. The movement in literature was one aspect of a general movement, another aspect of which was:

A. The Industrial Revolution
B. The Protestant Reformation
C. The political Revolution
D. The Renaissance

Q4. At bottom, both the political and literary movements were inspired by an impatience of:

A. Freedom and individuality
B. Formulas, traditions, and the tyranny of the dead hand
C. Economic inequalities
D. Technological progress

Q5. In the new poetry and revolutionary theories, what principle was everywhere thrust to the front?

A. Obedience to authority
B. Adherence to classical rules
C. The principle of spontaneity
D. The divine right of kings

Q6. How were the long-accepted rules of art treated by the new movement?

A. With open contempt
B. With deep reverence
C. They were strictly enforced
D. They were gradually updated

Q7. The reaction against which school of poetry became aggressive?

A. The Metaphysical school
B. The Elizabethan school
C. Pope and the Augustan school
D. The Pre-Raphaelites

Q8. Who wrote in the Edinburgh Review that poetry's standards 'were fixed long ago by certain inspired writers'?

A. William Wordsworth
B. Lord Jeffrey
C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
D. John Keats

Q9. Did Lord Jeffrey's conservative conception represent the dominant spirit of the age?

A. Yes, it was universally accepted
B. No, it did not represent the dominant spirit
C. It represented the youth but not the older generation
D. It was the main principle of Romanticism

Q10. What did the revolutionary theorists and poets both crave?

A. Freedom and the larger life
B. Structure and discipline
C. Wealth and empire
D. Scientific rationalism

▶ Page 180 - Revolutionary Ideals and Literature

Q1. Who wrote: 'The genius of poetry must work out its own salvation in a man. It cannot be matured by law and precept'?

A. Alexander Pope
B. John Keats
C. William Wordsworth
D. Lord Jeffrey

Q2. Who wrote the couplet: 'Those rules of old discovered, not devis'd, / Are Nature still, but Nature methodis'd'?

A. Alexander Pope
B. John Keats
C. Walter Scott
D. Lord Byron

Q3. The comparison of Keats's quote with Pope's couplet illustrates the fundamental difference between:

A. Drama and poetry
B. Augustan and romantic poetry
C. Epic and lyric poetry
D. Prose and verse

Q4. Did a person have to support the political revolution to be a romanticist?

A. Yes, the two were inseparable
B. No, as proven by the case of Walter Scott
C. Only in France, not in England
D. Yes, all romanticists were radical revolutionaries

Q5. Walter Scott was a romanticist, yet in politics he was a:

A. Whig
B. Radical Republican
C. Tory
D. Jacobin

Q6. The vital connection between the political and literary movements is denoted by the fact that the keynote of both was:

A. Emancipation
B. Obedience
C. Rationalism
D. Melancholy

Q7. The great outburst of the French Revolution in 1789 was seen at first as:

A. A terrible disaster for humanity
B. A military threat to England
C. The prophecy of a new day and democratic ideals
D. The end of European civilization

Q8. Ardent young souls were kindled with wonderful enthusiasm and gorgeous dreams of:

A. Conquest and power
B. Progress and perfection
C. Wealth and aristocracy
D. Industrial capitalism

Q9. Why were men in England ready to catch fire by contact with the passions the French cause aroused?

A. Because they wanted to conquer France
B. Because there had been a steady growth in England of the principles the revolution promised
C. Because England was officially allied with the French revolutionaries
D. Because they hated the British monarchy

Q10. The French Revolution promised to translate abstractions into:

A. Poetic verses
B. Living facts
C. Classical drama
D. Religious dogma

▶ Page 181 - Disillusionment and Wordsworth's Youth

Q1. Who wrote: 'Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, / But to be young was very heaven'?

A. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
B. Lord Byron
C. William Wordsworth
D. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Q2. The glorious promises of 1789 were eventually:

A. Fully realized across Europe
B. Destined to remain unfulfilled
C. Accepted by the crowned heads of Europe
D. Forgotten by the romantic poets immediately

Q3. Which of the following contributed to the general collapse of faith and hope?

A. The Reign of Terror
B. The establishment of a military despotism under Napoleon
C. The restoration of the Bourbons
D. All of the above

Q4. Following the failure of the great effort initiated by France, what replaced the age of buoyancy and expectation?

A. An age of permanent peace
B. An age of unrest and disillusion
C. An age of classical revival
D. An age of absolute monarchy

Q5. When was William Wordsworth born?

A. 1770
B. 1789
C. 1798
D. 1800

Q6. Where was William Wordsworth born?

A. London
B. Edinburgh, Scotland
C. Cockermouth, Cumberland
D. Bristol

Q7. Among whom did Wordsworth spend much of his boyhood?

A. Aristocrats and politicians
B. Shepherds and dalesmen
C. Factory workers
D. Sailors and merchants

Q8. What did Wordsworth learn from his familiar intercourse with simple peasant folk?

A. The art of sophisticated conversation
B. Faith in humanity and reverence for the elemental things of life
C. To despise manual labor
D. Strict Calvinist theology

Q9. Where was Wordsworth educated before going to Cambridge?

A. Eton College
B. Westminster School
C. Hawkeshead School, Lancashire
D. Rugby School

Q10. In what years did Wordsworth make his two visits to France?

A. 1785 and 1788
B. 1790 and 1791-92
C. 1795 and 1797
D. 1800 and 1802

▶ Page 182 - Wordsworth's Life

Q1. Who was Wordsworth's devoted sister who lived with him as a third member of his household?

A. Mary
B. Dorothy
C. Elizabeth
D. Jane

Q2. What year was Wordsworth made Poet Laureate upon the death of Robert Southey?

A. 1832
B. 1843
C. 1850
D. 1860

Q3. In what autobiographical poem are Wordsworth's relations with the revolutionary movement described?

A. The Excursion
B. The Recluse
C. The Prelude
D. The Task

Q4. Which region is Wordsworth's name now always associated with?

A. The Scottish Highlands
B. The Lake District
C. The Peak District
D. The Yorkshire Dales

Q5. At Orleans during his second visit to France, Wordsworth formed an intimacy with an officer of Girondist views named:

A. Beaupuis
B. Robespierre
C. Marat
D. Danton

Q6. Why did Wordsworth not throw in his lot with the Girondist party in Paris?

A. He disagreed with their politics
B. He was imprisoned
C. He received a peremptory call from relatives and returned to England
D. He fell ill and had to leave

Q7. To whom did Wordsworth write an open letter defending the French Revolution upon his return to England?

A. Edmund Burke
B. The Bishop of Llandaff
C. The Prime Minister
D. King George III

Q8. How did critics initially treat Wordsworth's poetry?

A. With universal praise
B. With mild indifference
C. Almost unanimously with contempt
D. As the greatest poetry of the century

Q9. Who joined Wordsworth in the publication of the Lyrical Ballads in 1798?

A. Lord Byron
B. Percy Bysshe Shelley
C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
D. Robert Southey

Q10. In what year did William Wordsworth die?

A. 1843
B. 1850
C. 1855
D. 1860

▶ Page 183 - Lyrical Ballads

Q1. What event finally destroyed Wordsworth's faith in the French cause forever?

A. The outbreak of war between France and England
B. The Terror
C. The fall of Robespierre
D. The rise of Napoleon and the events which followed

Q2. How did Wordsworth's political views change over his life?

A. He began as a conservative and ended as a radical
B. He remained an extreme revolutionary his whole life
C. He began as an adherent of the Revolution and ended as an extreme conservative
D. He was always apolitical

Q3. Despite his later conservatism, Wordsworth's work remained a part of which great general movement of his time?

A. The autocratic movement
B. The democratic movement
C. The neoclassical movement
D. The imperialist movement

Q4. Which two literary movements did the 'Lyrical Ballads' mark the full development of?

A. Classicism and Romanticism
B. Romanticism and Naturalism
C. Realism and Symbolism
D. Modernism and Naturalism

Q5. According to Coleridge, what was the design of the collaborators in 'Lyrical Ballads'?

A. To write only sonnets
B. To include two different kinds of poetry
C. To revive classical Latin meters
D. To mock the Augustan poets directly

Q6. In 'Lyrical Ballads', who was primarily responsible for the poems where incidents and agents were to be supernatural?

A. William Wordsworth
B. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C. Robert Southey
D. William Blake

Q7. Which poem was Coleridge's single contribution to the 'Lyrical Ballads'?

A. The Thorn
B. Goody Blake
C. The Ancient Mariner
D. The Idiot Boy

Q8. In 'Lyrical Ballads', Wordsworth's contributions focused on subjects chosen from:

A. Medieval history
B. Greek mythology
C. Ordinary life
D. The French Revolution

Q9. Which of the following poems is one of Wordsworth's naturalistic contributions to the 'Lyrical Ballads'?

A. The Ancient Mariner
B. The Idiot Boy
C. Christabel
D. The Task

Q10. What element prominent in his thought made Wordsworth an earnest supporter of English institutions and traditions?

A. The desire for abstract liberty
B. The sense of the sanctity of the past
C. A belief in absolute monarchy
D. His hatred for rural life

▶ Page 184 - Wordsworth's Theory of Poetry

Q1. Where did Wordsworth further set forth his aims for the 'Lyrical Ballads'?

A. In the preface to the first edition
B. In the preface to the second edition
C. In a letter to Coleridge
D. In his poem 'The Prelude'

Q2. According to Wordsworth's preface, what kind of life was generally chosen for his poems?

A. Aristocratic court life
B. Urban working-class life
C. Humble and rustic life
D. Military life

Q3. Why did Wordsworth prefer humble rustic life for his themes?

A. Because the essential passions of the heart find a better soil and speak a plainer language there
B. Because he wanted to mock country folk
C. Because no other poet had ever written about it
D. Because it was the most profitable subject to write about

Q4. Which poem is mentioned as a typical example of Wordsworth's choice of humble rustic themes?

A. The Ancient Mariner
B. The Prelude
C. Michael
D. The Task

Q5. Wordsworth famously attacked the practice of the Augustan school for its:

A. 'Gaudiness and inane phraseology'
B. 'Excessive emotionalism'
C. 'Lack of rhyming structure'
D. 'Obsession with nature'

Q6. Did Wordsworth perfectly adhere to his own principles of using the language of actual life?

A. Yes, in every single poem he wrote
B. No, save in his early experiments, he did not himself adhere to his own principles
C. He only adhered to them in his prose works
D. He completely abandoned them after one month

Q7. How does Wordsworth guard himself against the accusation of absolute literal realism?

A. By writing only about supernatural ghosts
B. By emphasizing his use of imagination in the poetic transformation of his materials
C. By stating his poems are pure fiction
D. By writing in complex classical allegories

Q8. Wordsworth's use of imagination was a protest against the hard, literal treatment of life by which poet?

A. Alexander Pope
B. George Crabbe
C. Thomas Gray
D. John Keats

Q9. Which feature connects Wordsworth to the radical tendencies of the revolutionary age?

A. His firm belief in natural manhood
B. His support of the monarchy
C. His desire for industrial capitalism
D. His strict adherence to Augustan rules

Q10. Wordsworth's theory of poetic diction is another aspect of his general effort to:

A. Complicate poetry
B. Pierce down through artifice and convention to nature and reality
C. Make poetry an exclusive art for the educated elite
D. Imitate classical Roman poets

▶ Page 185 - Characteristics of Wordsworth's Poetry

Q1. If Pope is the greatest poet of the town, what is Wordsworth?

A. The greatest poet of the sea
B. The greatest poet of the country and natural life
C. The greatest poet of war
D. The greatest poet of medieval chivalry

Q2. Wordsworth claimed he wrote always with his eye:

A. 'Searching for the stars'
B. 'Turned inward to the soul'
C. 'Steadily fixed upon his object'
D. 'Scanning the horizon'

Q3. What is said to be the most specific and personal quality in Wordsworth's nature poetry?

A. The profound religious feeling which pervades it
B. His precise botanical knowledge
C. His use of complex rhyme schemes
D. His rejection of any spiritual elements

Q4. For Wordsworth, nature was the embodiment of:

A. Chaotic forces
B. The Divine Spirit
C. Human civilization
D. Ancient mythology

Q5. Which of these poems exemplifies Wordsworth's profound religious feeling in nature?

A. Lines written above Tintern Abbey
B. The Rape of the Lock
C. The Village
D. The Ancient Mariner

Q6. A fundamental principle in Wordsworth's philosophy is that the greatest of all teachers is:

A. The Church
B. Books
C. Nature
D. History

Q7. Wordsworth believed that spiritual communion is possible between the soul of man and:

A. The spirits of the dead
B. The indwelling Soul of the Universe
C. Extraterrestrial beings
D. Future generations

Q8. In what he writes about human life, Wordsworth's greatness is specially apparent as a:

A. Satirist
B. Dramatist
C. Moralist
D. Humorist

Q9. Wordsworth's greatness as a moralist results largely from his firm hold upon the central facts of:

A. Economics and wealth
B. Conduct and duty
C. Social etiquette
D. Political maneuvering

Q10. Wordsworth's emphasis is everywhere thrown upon:

A. External circumstances
B. Spiritual forces within us that give us power over ourselves
C. The inevitability of fate
D. The necessity of formal education

▶ Page 186 - Wordsworth's Limitations and Coleridge

Q1. Which of the following is considered one of the obvious limitations of Wordsworth's genius?

A. He had no humor and little passion
B. He was too obsessed with urban life
C. He wrote entirely in prose
D. He relied too heavily on classical mythology

Q2. In which of his philosophical poems does Wordsworth often indulge in prolix moralisings of the dullest kind?

A. Lyrical Ballads
B. The Excursion
C. Tintern Abbey
D. Ode to Duty

Q3. Because he wrote an immense amount of perishable matter, it is said that Wordsworth gains by:

A. Extensive rewriting
B. Being read exclusively by scholars
C. Judicious selection
D. Being set to music

Q4. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was a boy at which school when the Bastille fell?

A. Eton College
B. Christ's Hospital
C. Westminster School
D. Rugby School

Q5. Who did Coleridge meet in 1794, later becoming his brother-in-law?

A. William Wordsworth
B. Robert Southey
C. Lord Byron
D. Charles Lamb

Q6. What was the name of the utopian scheme for an ideal society that Coleridge and Southey planned?

A. Pantisocracy
B. Brook Farm
C. New Harmony
D. The Phalanstery

Q7. Where was this ideal society intended to be established?

A. On the banks of the Thames
B. In the Lake District
C. On the banks of the Susquehanna River in America
D. In the Scottish Highlands

Q8. Which poem did Coleridge himself call his 'recantation' regarding his revolutionary ideals?

A. Religious Musings
B. Ode to the Departing Year
C. France: an Ode
D. The Destiny of Nations

Q9. Like Wordsworth, Coleridge eventually allied himself definitely with which political cause?

A. The radical Jacobins
B. The conservative cause
C. The socialist movement
D. The anarchist movement

Q10. What addiction helped to paralyse Coleridge's energies over many years?

A. Alcohol
B. Opium
C. Gambling
D. Tobacco

▶ Page 187 - Coleridge and Scott

Q1. Which of the following is true about Coleridge's literary work?

A. He wrote hundreds of completed epics
B. All his work is fragmentary
C. He only wrote prose
D. He never wrote literary criticism

Q2. Which of Coleridge's poems are considered to have a pathetic interest in connection with the tragedy of his ineffectiveness?

A. The Ancient Mariner and Christabel
B. Dejection: an Ode and Work without Hope
C. Religious Musings and The Destiny of Nations
D. Lyrical Ballads and The Prelude

Q3. Coleridge's historical importance is largely due to which poems that represent the triumph of romanticism?

A. Dejection and The Thorn
B. Lyrical Ballads and Endymion
C. The Ancient Mariner and Christabel
D. Tintern Abbey and Ode to Duty

Q4. Which domain did Coleridge take as his particular province in poetry?

A. The supernatural treated in a purely poetic way
B. The realistic depiction of factory workers
C. Political satire
D. Translations of Greek epics

Q5. Romanticism found a less subtle but far more popular and influential interpreter in:

A. William Wordsworth
B. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C. Walter Scott
D. Lord Byron

Q6. Where was Walter Scott born?

A. London
B. Dublin
C. Cockermouth
D. Edinburgh

Q7. Where did Scott spend much of his childhood learning to love the wild landscape and hearing Border stories?

A. In the Scottish Highlands
B. At his grandfather's home at Sandy Knowe
C. In a London orphanage
D. At Cambridge University

Q8. What book, read by chance at age thirteen, aroused Scott's passionate interest in ancient ballads?

A. Lyrical Ballads
B. Percy's Reliques
C. Macpherson's Ossian
D. The Faerie Queene

Q9. When Scott made excursions into the Highlands, what was his primary purpose?

A. Romantic and antiquarian
B. Commercial and financial
C. Political campaigning
D. Scientific observation

Q10. In Scott's time, going into the Highlands was compared to:

A. Stepping into the future
B. Stepping right out of the present into the feudal past
C. Entering a sophisticated urban center
D. Traveling to a foreign country

▶ Page 188 - Walter Scott's Career

Q1. Politically, Walter Scott was a born:

A. Radical
B. Liberal
C. Tory
D. Whig

Q2. What effect did the French Revolution have on Walter Scott?

A. It made him a lifelong supporter of democratic republics
B. It deepened his hatred of democracy and threw him back on history and romance
C. He ignored it completely
D. It caused him to move to France

Q3. Scott's first important publication (1802-03) was:

A. The Lay of the Last Minstrel
B. The Lady of the Lake
C. The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border
D. Waverley

Q4. What was Scott's first long poem, published in 1805?

A. Marmion
B. Rokeby
C. The Lay of the Last Minstrel
D. Christabel

Q5. Which of the following is one of Scott's romances in verse?

A. The Ancient Mariner
B. Thalaba the Destroyer
C. The Lady of the Lake
D. Queen Mab

Q6. Which rising poet's dangerous rivalry compelled Scott to seek a fresh outlet for his genius?

A. John Keats
B. Percy Bysshe Shelley
C. Lord Byron
D. William Wordsworth

Q7. In what year did Scott produce his first novel, Waverley?

A. 1805
B. 1810
C. 1814
D. 1825

Q8. What misfortune overtook Scott in 1825?

A. He lost his sight
B. Financial ruin
C. He was imprisoned for treason
D. His manuscripts were burned

Q9. How did Scott react to his adversity?

A. He fled the country
B. He committed suicide
C. He showed himself heroic and worked to wipe off his immense indebtedness by writing
D. He blamed his publishers and gave up writing

Q10. Scott's 'romantic tales in verse' represent a natural development of the:

A. Old ballad and medieval romance
B. Classical epic
C. Augustan closed couplet
D. Renaissance sonnet

▶ Page 189 - Scott's Limitations and Bowles

Q1. Which of the following describes Scott's limitations as a poet?

A. He has no ability to describe landscape
B. He rarely takes the reader beneath the surface of things and carries no weight of thought
C. He is too mystical and obscure
D. His stories are extremely boring and lack action

Q2. William Lisle Bowles is known for helping the growth of a love of nature in poetry through which work published in 1789?

A. Lyrical Ballads
B. Sonnets written chiefly in Picturesque Spots
C. Pleasures of Memory
D. The Prelude

Q3. Samuel Rogers, who wrote 'Pleasures of Memory' (1792), had a career outside of poetry as a:

A. Clergyman
B. Banker
C. Physician
D. Lawyer

Q4. Did Samuel Rogers' poetry reflect the new movements of literature?

A. Yes, he was a radical romantic
B. No, he remained practically untouched by the new movements and wrote in the 'correct' Augustan style
C. He introduced the supernatural elements to English verse
D. He exclusively wrote free verse

Q5. James Hogg was commonly known by what nickname?

A. The Border Minstrel
B. The Scottish Homer
C. The Ettrick Shepherd
D. The Marvelous Boy

Q6. Hogg is considered the truest poet who has ever sprung direct from the Scottish peasantry after:

A. Allan Ramsay
B. Walter Scott
C. Robert Burns
D. James Thomson

Q7. Which of the following poems was written by James Hogg?

A. The Queen's Wake
B. The Minstrel
C. Pleasures of Hope
D. Marmion

Q8. Like Wordsworth and Coleridge, Robert Southey fell as a youth under the spell of:

A. The Industrial Revolution
B. The French Revolution
C. The Gothic Revival
D. Oriental mysticism

Q9. Which of these works by Southey were products of his youthful radical ideas?

A. Madoc and Roderick
B. Joan of Arc and Wat Tyler
C. The Holly Tree and The Scholar
D. A Vision of Judgment

Q10. What genre is Southey's 'Wat Tyler' (1794)?

A. An epic poem
B. A novel
C. A drama
D. A lyrical ballad

▶ Page 190 - Southey and Landor

Q1. Like Wordsworth, Southey eventually repudiated his early radical ideas and became a:

A. Radical Socialist
B. Whig
C. Tory of the Tories
D. French sympathizer

Q2. Southey's ill-advised and ludicrous eulogy of George III, 'A Vision of Judgment', is remembered today mainly because of:

A. Its profound theological insight
B. Its flawless Spenserian stanzas
C. Lord Byron's scathing satire upon it
D. Its adaptation into a popular play

Q3. Which of the following is one of Southey's immense narrative poems?

A. The Lay of the Last Minstrel
B. Thalaba the Destroyer
C. Christabel
D. The Ancient Mariner

Q4. Southey's long narrative poems are historically important because they show the tendency of the romantic movement to:

A. Revert to purely domestic and urban settings
B. Carry the poet further afield in quest of fresh, picturesque objects
C. Abandon poetry entirely for prose
D. Focus exclusively on religious theology

Q5. 'Thalaba the Destroyer' was written in which form?

A. Heroic couplets
B. Spenserian stanzas
C. Unrhymed verses of varying length and metrical structure
D. Strict classical hexameters

Q6. The verse form of Southey's 'Thalaba' served as a model for which famous poem by Shelley?

A. Ozymandias
B. Ode to the West Wind
C. Queen Mab
D. Adonais

Q7. Which poet is described as a classic writing in a romantic age, whose classicism was of the genuine Greek kind?

A. Thomas Campbell
B. Walter Savage Landor
C. Samuel Rogers
D. Robert Southey

Q8. Did Walter Savage Landor ever become widely popular?

A. Yes, he was the most popular poet of his day
B. No, he gained an 'audience fit though few'
C. Only in France
D. Only after he wrote novels

Q9. Which of these works was written by Landor?

A. Gebir
B. Thalaba
C. Madoc
D. Hohenlinden

Q10. According to Sir Henry Taylor, Landor lived in a past world of heroic thought and passed nearly through the most eventful century:

A. Becoming a famous revolutionary leader
B. Altering his style every decade
C. Without learning from experience, and almost without adding to his ideas
D. Writing only satirical poems

▶ Page 191 - Campbell and Moore

Q1. Thomas Campbell's early poem 'The Pleasures of Hope' (1799) is written in which style and form?

A. Blank verse with romantic diction
B. The closed couplet of the outgoing Augustan school
C. Spenserian stanza
D. Free verse

Q2. Despite its conventional diction, Campbell's 'The Pleasures of Hope' contains a good deal of:

A. Satire on religion
B. Revolutionary feeling
C. Defense of the monarchy
D. Oriental mysticism

Q3. In which poem did Campbell use the Spenserian stanza and appear 'almost romantic'?

A. Theodoric
B. Pleasures of Hope
C. Gertrude of Wyoming
D. Lochiel

Q4. Which of the following is one of Campbell's vigorous war lyrics?

A. The Holly Tree
B. Ye Mariners of England
C. Lalla Rookh
D. Lord Ullin's Daughter

Q5. Which poet wrote the oriental tale 'Lalla Rookh'?

A. Thomas Campbell
B. Thomas Moore
C. Lord Byron
D. Walter Savage Landor

Q6. 'Lalla Rookh' was written in a style for which public taste had been prepared by Moore's friend:

A. Samuel Rogers
B. Percy Bysshe Shelley
C. Lord Byron
D. Walter Scott

Q7. Moore is chiefly remembered today and shows his best work in which collection?

A. Lalla Rookh
B. Irish Melodies
C. Gertrude of Wyoming
D. Pleasures of Hope

Q8. Thomas Moore has been aptly called:

A. The last of our minstrels
B. The Ettrick Shepherd
C. The Marvelous Boy
D. The Peasant Poet

Q9. While Moore had a genuine lyric gift, his verse often lacks:

A. Rhyme and meter
B. Depth of feeling, being pervaded by a sentimentalism that has not worn well
C. Melodic quality
D. Popular appeal during his own lifetime

Q10. Of all the writers named in this section, who is noted as probably the most attractive to the general reader today?

A. Samuel Rogers
B. William Lisle Bowles
C. Thomas Moore
D. Robert Southey

▶ Page 192 - The Younger Poets

Q1. Did the close of the French Revolution mean the end of the revolutionary movement in European politics?

A. Yes, all discontent completely ceased
B. No, the people of Europe had been aroused and repeated disturbances occurred
C. Yes, because a perfect democracy was established
D. No, because the monarchy was permanently restored everywhere without opposition

Q2. Among the younger men, how did the fiery spirits react to the complacency of toryism?

A. They wholeheartedly embraced it
B. They found it impossible and were deeply affected by the failure of the democratic cause
C. They moved to America to escape it
D. They completely ignored politics

Q3. Which of the following moods did NOT typically result from the collapse of early revolutionary enthusiasm among the younger generation?

A. Cynicism from exploded idealism
B. Bitter disappointment and aimless unrest
C. Joyful optimism and religious fervor
D. Apathy and indifference

Q4. Who are named as the three chief poets of the younger revolutionary group?

A. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey
B. Byron, Shelley, and Keats
C. Scott, Campbell, and Moore
D. Blake, Burns, and Cowper

Q5. How did the three chief younger poets differ from each other?

A. They lived in completely different eras
B. They were politically opposed to one another
C. They breathed the same atmosphere but showed striking contrasts in the quality and temper of their poetry
D. They all wrote exclusively in blank verse

Q6. The later revolutionary age was generally characterized by a world that had emerged from long strain:

A. Exhausted but satisfied
B. Exhausted but not satisfied
C. Energized and united
D. Wealthy and powerful

Q7. The conditions of the later revolutionary age weighed heavily upon:

A. The Augustan poets
B. The Elizabethan dramatists
C. The English poets born into that age
D. The medieval minstrels

Q8. Which country did NOT experience repeated disturbances after the close of the French Revolution?

A. Spain
B. Portugal
C. Italy
D. The text says disturbances happened in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece

Q9. What had set in among many of the older generation?

A. A strong conservative reaction
B. A massive religious revival
C. A radical socialist movement
D. A desire for absolute monarchy

Q10. For a time, the principles of progress and popular government suffered:

A. Rapid expansion
B. Immediate realization
C. Eclipse
D. Global dominance

▶ Page 193 - Lord Byron

Q1. Who is described as the eldest and most thoroughly representative of the three younger poets?

A. Percy Bysshe Shelley
B. John Keats
C. George Gordon, Lord Byron
D. Thomas Moore

Q2. What spirit did Byron express more than any other English writer of his age?

A. Quiet domesticity
B. Religious devotion
C. Rebellion (comprehensive, passionate, and impotent)
D. Neoclassical rationality

Q3. What was the title of Byron's early volume of verse that was ferociously attacked by the Edinburgh Review?

A. Hours of Idleness
B. English Bards and Scotch Reviewers
C. Lyrical Ballads
D. Don Juan

Q4. How did Byron reply to the attack by the Edinburgh Review?

A. With a humble apology
B. By quitting poetry for five years
C. With a vigorous satire called 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'
D. By challenging the editor to a duel

Q5. Which poem's first two cantos scored an immense success in 1812?

A. The Corsair
B. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
C. The Siege of Corinth
D. Manfred

Q6. Who said, 'I woke up one morning and found myself famous'?

A. Walter Scott
B. Percy Bysshe Shelley
C. Lord Byron
D. John Keats

Q7. Which of the following is one of Byron's romances in verse?

A. The Giaour
B. Queen Mab
C. Endymion
D. The Lay of the Last Minstrel

Q8. Why did Byron leave England as an embittered man?

A. He was banished by the King
B. Scandal broke out after he and his wife separated
C. He went bankrupt
D. He wanted to join the French army

Q9. During his years of exile on the Continent, which great work did Byron produce?

A. Childe Harold (cantos I and II)
B. The Giaour
C. Don Juan
D. Hours of Idleness

Q10. Where and how did Byron die?

A. He was killed in battle in France
B. He drowned in the Bay of Spezzia
C. He died of a fever at Missolonghi in Greece
D. He died of tuberculosis in Rome

▶ Page 194 - Byron's Poetry and Influence

Q1. Despite the apparent variety of Byron's voluminous work, why is the final impression one of monotony?

A. He used the exact same meter for every poem
B. He only wrote about the sea
C. He was a supreme egotist and rarely travelled outside himself
D. He copied all his plots from Shakespeare

Q2. As a critic and theorist, which school did Byron proclaim himself an adherent of?

A. The Romantic school
B. The Metaphysical school
C. The Augustan school
D. The Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood

Q3. Whom did Byron compare to a Greek temple?

A. The poetry of the eighteenth century
B. The poetry of his own time
C. Wordsworth and Coleridge
D. Shelley and Keats

Q4. What did Byron compare the poetry of his own time to?

A. A Gothic cathedral
B. A barbarous Turkish mosque
C. A ruined castle
D. A pristine Roman villa

Q5. What was the entire weight of Byron's practical influence on the side of?

A. Classicism
B. Romanticism
C. Realism
D. Naturalism

Q6. Byron is at his best when he blends description with:

A. Satire
B. Action
C. Meditation
D. Dialogue

Q7. As a poet of nature, Byron glories in the sea because of:

A. Its economic importance
B. Its utter indifference to man
C. Its calm and soothing waves
D. Its religious symbolism

Q8. In which genre is Byron considered incomparably the greatest of modern English poets?

A. The ode
B. The pastoral elegy
C. Satire (e.g., Vision of Judgment and Don Juan)
D. Religious hymns

Q9. What does the term 'Byronism' denote?

A. The spirit of joy, optimism, and peace
B. The spirit of gloom, satiety, and unrest
C. Strict adherence to classical rules
D. The philosophical defense of monarchy

Q10. Which side of the revolutionary movement does Byron represent?

A. The constructive utopian side
B. The socially organized side
C. The destructive side only
D. The purely political side

▶ Page 195 - Byron's Philosophy and Shelley's Early Life

Q1. What is the key-note of Byron's philosophy?

A. God is love
B. Vanity of vanities (blank negation)
C. Progress is inevitable
D. The rights of man

Q2. In what terms does Byron conceive liberty?

A. In terms of social equality
B. In terms of pure individualism
C. In terms of constitutional law
D. In terms of economic freedom

Q3. The heroes of Byron's romances (pirates, corsairs, outlaws) idealize all who are:

A. In revolt against society
B. Defenders of the crown
C. Pious religious figures
D. Wealthy merchants

Q4. Which poem is a terrific indictment of God's dealings with men as interpreted by current theology?

A. Don Juan
B. Childe Harold
C. Cain
D. Manfred

Q5. If Byron is the interpreter of revolutionary iconoclasm, what is Percy Bysshe Shelley?

A. A strict conservative
B. Our revolutionary idealist and prophet of faith and hope
C. A neoclassical satirist
D. A purely descriptive nature poet

Q6. Why was Shelley expelled from Oxford?

A. For fighting a duel
B. For publishing a pamphlet on 'The Necessity of Atheism'
C. For writing a satire on the King
D. For refusing to attend classes

Q7. Who was Shelley's second wife?

A. Harriet Westbrook
B. Mary Godwin
C. Dorothy Wordsworth
D. Fanny Brawne

Q8. How did Shelley die in 1822?

A. Of consumption in Rome
B. In battle in Greece
C. He drowned while sailing across the Bay of Spezzia
D. By suicide in a London garret

Q9. Which of the following is Shelley's splendid elegy on the death of Keats?

A. Lycidas
B. In Memoriam
C. Adonais
D. Thyrsis

Q10. What is Shelley's 'The Cenci'?

A. A lyric ode
B. A romantic drama of tragic intensity
C. A political satire
D. An epic poem in blank verse

▶ Page 196 - Shelley's Poetry

Q1. Shelley's genius was essentially:

A. Dramatic
B. Lyrical
C. Satirical
D. Didactic

Q2. Which of the following is one of Shelley's famous lyric poems?

A. The Ancient Mariner
B. Ode to the West Wind
C. Childe Harold
D. The Lay of the Last Minstrel

Q3. Shelley conceived it to be part of his poetic mission to become:

A. The wealthiest writer in England
B. A defender of the monarchy
C. The inspirer and guide of men
D. A translator of Latin epics

Q4. As explained in the preface to 'The Revolt of Islam', what did Shelley believe about the conservative reaction?

A. That it was permanent and unconquerable
B. That it was a temporary reaction and the dawn of a new day was at hand
C. That it was justified and necessary
D. That it had destroyed humanity forever

Q5. Which poem did Shelley write at eighteen, basing it on Godwin's 'Political Justice'?

A. The Revolt of Islam
B. Adonais
C. Queen Mab
D. The Cenci

Q6. In 'Queen Mab', Shelley proclaims an individualistic philosophy that condemns:

A. Kings, governments, church, property, and marriage
B. Science and industry
C. Democracy and equality
D. Only the French revolutionaries

Q7. What redeeming quality does 'Queen Mab' possess despite its extravagant diatribe?

A. Excellent comedic timing
B. That fine passion for humanity which formed the basis of Shelley's religion
C. Perfect heroic couplets
D. Historical accuracy

Q8. In what verse form is 'The Revolt of Islam' written?

A. Blank verse
B. Heroic couplet
C. Spenserian stanzas
D. Terza rima

Q9. How does the hero of 'The Revolt of Islam', Laon, differ from Byron's heroes?

A. Laon is a selfish pirate
B. Laon is a self-engrossed egotist and mere rebel
C. Laon is filled with unselfish enthusiasm and aims to be the saviour of society
D. Laon is a wealthy aristocrat who hates the poor

Q10. What is 'The Revolt of Islam' charged with?

A. Support for the British Empire
B. The young poet's hopes for the future regeneration of the world
C. Cynical despair and blank negation
D. A defense of orthodox Christianity

▶ Page 197 - Keats and Shelley

Q1. In Shelley's 'Prometheus Unbound', what does the Titan symbolize? A. The prototype of mankind in its long struggle against despotism B. The beauty of the Greek past C. The exhaustion of revolutionary impulses D. The forces of nature Answer: A

Q2. Who represents the forces of despotism in 'Prometheus Unbound'? A. Prometheus B. Jupiter C. Endymion D. Apollo Answer: B

Q3. John Keats was the last and youngest of which group? A. The early Augustan poets B. The later revolutionary group C. The pre-Raphaelite brotherhood D. The Cavalier poets Answer: B

Q4. Unlike Byron and Shelley, what was Keats's attitude towards his time? A. He was a stormy rebel B. He was a humanitarian reformer C. He had an almost complete detachment D. He was deeply involved in politics Answer: C

Q5. How did Keats conceive of poetry? A. As the vehicle of philosophy B. As religious teaching C. As the incarnation of beauty D. As a tool for social reform Answer: C

Q6. Which poem opens with 'A thing of beauty is a joy for ever'? A. Lamia B. Hyperion C. Endymion D. The Eve of St. Agnes Answer: C

Q7. Instead of looking to the future land of promise like Shelley, where did Keats seek imaginative escape? A. The past of Greek mythology and medieval romance B. The industrial cities of England C. The philosophical texts of Germany D. The scientific discoveries of his age Answer: A

Q8. Which of the following is a fragmentary poem by Keats? A. Endymion B. Hyperion C. Lamia D. Isabella Answer: B

Q9. How did Keats's treatment of nature differ from Wordsworth's and Shelley's? A. It was full of spiritual messages and meanings B. It was purely scientific and analytical C. There was nothing mystical in it; he loved it for its sensuous beauty D. He disliked nature and preferred urban settings Answer: C

▶ Page 198 - Keats and Minor Poets

Q1. What phrase did Shelley use to describe Keats due to his early death? A. A stormy rebel B. One of the inheritors of unfulfilled renown C. The incarnation of beauty D. A willing martyr Answer: B

Q2. Which of the following odes is NOT mentioned as being in Keats's volume of 1819? A. To Autumn B. To a Nightingale C. On a Grecian Urn D. To Melancholy Answer: D

Q3. On the side of form and style, how is Keats described? A. The most classical of the romantic poets B. The most romantic of the romantic poets C. The most realistic of his generation D. A strict follower of Hellenic temperance Answer: B

Q4. Which poetic form did Keats reject, following the lead of Leigh Hunt? A. Blank verse B. Spenserian stanza C. The classic couplet D. The sonnet Answer: C

Q5. Historically, Keats represents the exhaustion of impulses generated by what event? A. The Industrial Revolution B. The Renaissance C. The social upheaval of the Revolution D. The Restoration Answer: C

Q6. Who wrote the 'Story of Rimini' (1816)? A. James Henry Leigh Hunt B. Thomas Hood C. John Hamilton Reynolds D. Winthrop Mackworth Praed Answer: A

Q7. What innovation did Leigh Hunt introduce in the 'Story of Rimini'? A. The rejection of the classic couplet in favor of a freer form B. The invention of the dramatic monologue C. The first use of free verse D. The revival of the epic poem Answer: A

Q8. In which early poem of Keats was freedom carried to a degree of licence that Hunt disapproved? A. Hyperion B. Lamia C. Endymion D. The Eve of St. Agnes Answer: C

Q9. Which poet married a sister of Keats's intimate friend, John Hamilton Reynolds? A. James Henry Leigh Hunt B. Thomas or Tom Hood C. Percy Bysshe Shelley D. Lord Byron Answer: B

▶ Page 199 - Thomas Hood and Minor Poets

Q1. Thomas Hood is perhaps chiefly remembered for what kind of poems? A. Epic narratives B. Humorous poems, mastering verbal wit and punning C. Political satires D. Philosophical epics Answer: B

Q2. Which of the following is a ballad or lyric by Thomas Hood? A. The Song of the Shirt B. Ingoldsby Legends C. The Bride's Tragedy D. Story of Rimini Answer: A

Q3. Which poem by Hood is described as a masterpiece in the gruesome grotesque? A. The Bridge of Sighs B. Miss Kilmansegg C. Fair Inez D. The Haunted House Answer: B

Q4. Who is the author of 'Ingoldsby Legends'? A. Winthrop Mackworth Praed B. Richard Harris Barham C. Thomas Lovell Beddoes D. John Clare Answer: B

Q5. 'Ingoldsby Legends' is a burlesque development of what trend made popular by Scott? A. Classicism B. Realism C. Mediaevalism D. Hellenism Answer: C

Q6. Who wrote 'The Bride's Tragedy' and 'Death's Jest-Book'? A. Thomas Lovell Beddoes B. Winthrop Mackworth Praed C. Letitia Elizabeth Landon D. Felicia Dorothea Hemans Answer: A

Q7. Beddoes' work represents a strange revival of what spirit? A. The romantic optimism of the 19th century B. The morbid and fantastic spirit of the later Elizabethan drama C. The strict rules of Augustan poetry D. The simplicity of early ballads Answer: B

Q8. Letitia Elizabeth Landon was commonly known by what initials? A. L.E.D. B. L.E.L. C. L.E.M. D. L.E.S. Answer: B

Q9. John Clare was known as the last of which type of poets? A. The aristocratic poets B. The peasant poets C. The Cavalier poets D. The metaphysical poets Answer: B

▶ Page 200 - John Clare

Q1. Who edited 'Selected Poems' by John Clare? A. William Wordsworth B. Grigson C. Leigh Hunt D. Thomas Hood Answer: B

Q2. In what year was Grigson's edition of 'Selected Poems' published? A. 1821 B. 1950 C. 1949 D. 1850 Answer: B

Q3. What is the title of the 1949 collection edited by Grigson? A. The Peasant Poet B. Poems of Clare's Madness C. Rural Life in England D. The Madhouse Poems Answer: B

Q4. John Clare's works represented in the 1950 volume were written during: A. His travels in Italy B. His lifetime C. The Augustan age D. The late 18th century Answer: B

Q5. Which editor is credited with collecting both 'Selected Poems' and 'Poems of Clare's Madness'? A. Lockhart B. Grigson C. Jeffrey D. Brougham Answer: B

Q6. 'Poems of Clare's Madness' was published in which year? A. 1949 B. 1950 C. 1899 D. 1832 Answer: A

Q7. John Clare's poetry in these collections is notable for: A. Being mostly prose B. Reflecting his life experiences including his time of madness C. Discussing urban industrialization D. Focusing on classical Greek myths Answer: B

Q8. The publication of 'Poems of Clare's Madness' highlights what aspect of Clare's life? A. His political career B. His academic achievements C. His period of insanity D. His wealth Answer: C

Q9. In these two collections, Grigson brings attention to the work of which poet? A. John Keats B. Thomas Hood C. John Clare D. Lord Byron Answer: C

▶ Page 201 - The Age of Wordsworth: General Prose

Q1. What was an important feature in the history of prose literature during the Age of Wordsworth? A. The decline of the novel B. The rise of the modern review and magazine C. The disappearance of drama D. The start of serialized poetry Answer: B

Q2. When was the Edinburgh Review established? A. 1802 B. 1817 C. 1824 D. 1830 Answer: A

Q3. The Edinburgh Review was established by men of letters associated with which political party? A. The Tory party B. The Whig party C. The Labour party D. The Liberal party Answer: B

Q4. Which of the following was NOT a founder of the Edinburgh Review? A. Jeffrey B. Brougham C. Sydney Smith D. William Gifford Answer: D

Q5. Which publication was started as a Tory counterblast to the Edinburgh Review? A. The London Magazine B. Fraser's C. The Quarterly D. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine Answer: C

Q6. Who was the first editor of the Quarterly? A. William Gifford B. Lockhart C. Wilson D. Hogg Answer: A

Q7. Who succeeded William Gifford as the editor of the Quarterly in 1824? A. Brougham B. Scott's son-in-law, Lockhart C. Charles Lamb D. William Hazlitt Answer: B

Q8. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine was launched in what year? A. 1809 B. 1802 C. 1817 D. 1830 Answer: C

Q9. Which magazine included Lamb, Hazlitt, and De Quincey among its early contributors? A. The London Magazine B. The Edinburgh Review C. Fraser's D. The Quarterly Answer: A

▶ Page 202 - General Prose and Edinburgh Men

Q1. The rise of the modern review and magazine gave great encouragement to what form of writing? A. The epic poem B. Essay-writing C. The dramatic monologue D. The three-volume novel Answer: B

Q2. The literature of criticism divided critics of the age into which two groups? A. The conservative/classical and the radical/romantic B. The optimists and the pessimists C. The realists and the naturalists D. The political and the philosophical Answer: A

Q3. How is the prose of the eighteenth century (like that of Addison and Goldsmith) characterized? A. It lacked lucidity and charm B. It had strong passion and deep feeling C. It had lucidity, grace, and charm, but lacked variety, warmth, and color D. It was highly complex and deeply structural Answer: C

Q4. What did the romantic movement bring to prose? A. A return to strict classical rules B. A complete lack of emotion C. Strong passion, deep feeling, and a love of variety, warmth, and color D. A purely scientific and analytical approach Answer: C

Q5. The new movement in prose was partly connected with a revival of interest in which authors? A. The early Augustan authors B. The pre-Augustan authors C. The contemporary French authors D. The ancient Roman authors Answer: B

Q6. The prose writers of this era are grouped into three categories. Which is NOT one of these? A. The Edinburgh men B. The London men C. The Lake District men D. Miscellaneous writers falling under neither head Answer: C

Q7. Who was called by his admirers the 'Archcritic' and by his victims 'Judge Jeffrey'? A. Francis Jeffrey B. Sydney Smith C. John Wilson D. John Gibson Lockhart Answer: A

Q8. To which periodical did Francis Jeffrey contribute some 200 articles? A. The Quarterly B. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine C. The Edinburgh Review D. The London Magazine Answer: C

Q9. The nickname 'Judge Jeffrey' references a notorious 'bloody judge' of which century? A. The sixteenth century B. The seventeenth century C. The eighteenth century D. The nineteenth century Answer: B

▶ Page 203 - Jeffrey, Smith, and Wilson

Q1. Which of the following is described as a limitation of Francis Jeffrey's criticism today? A. He had too much sympathy for the romantics B. He lacked breadth of sympathy and flexibility of judgment C. He focused too much on subject-matter and neglected form D. He was too deeply concerned with the large human aspects of literature Answer: B

Q2. Who was an exceedingly clever clergyman better known for his witticisms than his literature? A. Francis Jeffrey B. John Wilson C. Sydney Smith D. Thomas De Quincey Answer: C

Q3. What is the title of Sydney Smith's brilliant satire on the Irish question (1807)? A. Noctes Ambrosianae B. Peter Plymley's Letters C. Murder considered as one of the Fine Arts D. The Bride's Tragedy Answer: B

Q4. Why are Sydney Smith's writings now little read? A. They are too complex to understand B. They deal mostly with dead abuses and forgotten controversies C. They are written in difficult Latin D. They lack humor and are too serious Answer: B

Q5. Which 'Blackwood's man' was famous under the pen-name of Christopher North? A. Thomas De Quincey B. John Gibson Lockhart C. John Wilson D. Sydney Smith Answer: C

Q6. Which position did John Wilson hold while also being a devotee of the prize ring? A. Editor of the Edinburgh Review B. Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh C. Prime Minister D. Poet Laureate Answer: B

Q7. What is considered John Wilson's best work? A. Noctes Ambrosianae B. Peter Plymley's Letters C. Confessions of an English Opium Eater D. The English Mail Coach Answer: A

Q8. In what format are the 'Noctes Ambrosianae' written? A. Formal essays B. Dialogues C. Epic poetry D. Tragic drama Answer: B

Q9. What makes 'Noctes Ambrosianae' difficult for the southern reader to appreciate today? A. Their heavy use of Latin B. Their broad Scotch language and largely local/temporary interest C. Their lack of humor and dash D. Their focus on deep theological arguments Answer: B

▶ Page 204 - De Quincey and Lockhart

Q1. Thomas De Quincey is considered one of our chief masters of what kind of prose? A. Augustan rational prose B. Romantic impassioned prose C. Scientific descriptive prose D. Neoclassical satire Answer: B

Q2. Which of the following is NOT listed as a defect in De Quincey's writing? A. A habit of abusing his extraordinary learning B. Sinking into obscurity and pedantry C. Lacking any sense of humor D. Indulging in huge unwieldy digressions Answer: C

Q3. In which work did De Quincey achieve remarkable success combining grim humor with the horrible? A. The English Mail Coach B. Dream Fugue C. Murder considered as one of the Fine Arts D. Joan of Arc Answer: C

Q4. By what work will Thomas De Quincey always be best remembered? A. Confessions of an English Opium Eater B. Life of Scott C. The English Comic Writers D. Spanish Ballads Answer: A

Q5. Which writer acts as a connecting link between Edinburgh and London, editing the Quarterly from 1826? A. Thomas De Quincey B. John Gibson Lockhart C. Charles Lamb D. William Hazlitt Answer: B

Q6. Who wrote the powerful study of a good man's sin and remorse in the novel 'Adam Blair'? A. John Wilson B. Thomas De Quincey C. John Gibson Lockhart D. Charles Lamb Answer: C

Q7. What is Lockhart's principal title to fame? A. His Life of Burns B. His Spanish Ballads C. His magnificent Life of Scott D. His novel Adam Blair Answer: C

Q8. Lockhart was romantic with Scott and sympathized with Wordsworth, but how did he treat the younger generation (Shelley, Keats, Tennyson)? A. With great admiration B. With indifference C. With hostility D. By imitating their style Answer: C

Q9. Lockhart is known to have written an almost equally savage criticism of whose 1833 volume in the Quarterly? A. John Keats B. Percy Bysshe Shelley C. Lord Byron D. Alfred Tennyson Answer: D

▶ Page 205 - Lockhart and Charles Lamb

Q1. What nickname was given to John Gibson Lockhart due to his special gift of sarcasm used with deadly effect? A. The Serpent B. The Scorpion C. Judge Jeffrey D. The Archcritic Answer: B

Q2. Who is described as 'first among these in our affections' when discussing the London men? A. William Hazlitt B. Leigh Hunt C. Charles Lamb D. Thomas De Quincey Answer: C

Q3. According to Southey, whose memory 'will retain its fragrance as long as the best spice expended on the Pharaohs'? A. Charles Lamb B. John Keats C. Percy Bysshe Shelley D. William Wordsworth Answer: A

Q4. What is the most widely-known portion of Charles Lamb's work? A. Tales from Shakespeare B. John Woodvil C. Essays of Elia D. Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Answer: C

Q5. In his essays, Charles Lamb is compared to which other great egotist writer? A. Francis Bacon B. Michel de Montaigne C. Samuel Johnson D. Thomas Browne Answer: B

Q6. How is Charles Lamb's unique blending of tenderness and quaint fancies described? A. Swiftian B. Lambish C. Byronic D. Shakespearian Answer: B

Q7. Lamb's romanticism was largely retrospective and nourished itself on the literature of which age? A. The Augustan age B. The pre-Augustan age (Elizabethan and 17th century) C. The Middle Ages D. The Romantic revival in Germany Answer: B

Q8. Which work by Lamb did much to spread the knowledge of older English playwrights? A. John Woodvil B. Tales from Shakespeare C. Essays of Elia D. Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Answer: D

Q9. Lamb's style is flavored by constant contact with his favorite writers. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. Burton B. Fuller C. Sir Thomas Browne D. Alexander Pope Answer: D

▶ Page 206 - William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, and Cobbett

Q1. William Hazlitt is a capital illustration of how the popularity of magazines turned literature into the channels of: A. Novel-writing B. Epic poetry C. Journalism D. Scientific treatises Answer: C

Q2. Hazlitt's fine catholicity enabled him to do justice to the romantic school without being unjust to which other group? A. The pre-Raphaelites B. The Augustans C. The Metaphysicals D. The Victorians Answer: B

Q3. Which of the following is NOT one of Hazlitt's collections of lectures or essays? A. Characters of Shakespeare's Plays B. The English Poets C. The Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth D. Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Answer: D

Q4. Because of his insight, discrimination, and sureness of taste and touch, what has Hazlitt been called? A. The Scorpion B. Judge Jeffrey C. The critic's critic D. The Archcritic Answer: C

Q5. What limitation is noted about Hazlitt's criticism? A. It is too deeply focused on historical backgrounds B. It makes no attempt to connect the author with the life and spirit of his age C. It heavily relies on Latin and Greek sources D. It is too romantic and rejects all classical literature Answer: B

Q6. Leigh Hunt is included among the periodical prose writers, but what did he lack that made his books largely fragmentary? A. The power of sustained effort B. Basic literacy skills C. Knowledge of pre-Augustan writers D. Connections with magazine publishers Answer: A

Q7. What quality does Leigh Hunt's genius possess, according to the text? A. A heavy, moralistic tone B. A butterfly quality C. A scorpion-like sarcasm D. A deep philosophical rigor Answer: B

Q8. Which book of Leigh Hunt's did Thomas Carlyle call 'a pious, ingenious, altogether human and worthy book'? A. Story of Rimini B. The English Comic Writers C. His Autobiography D. His essays on Keats Answer: C

Q9. Who was the coarse, vigorous, independent political reformer, journalist, and pamphleteer mentioned at the end of the page? A. Charles Lamb B. Thomas De Quincey C. William Cobbett D. John Gibson Lockhart Answer: C

▶ Page 207 - Cobbett, Landor, Southey, Coleridge

Q1. Which book is considered William Cobbett's most characteristic and of most permanent interest? A. Imaginary Conversations B. Rural Rides C. English Grammar D. The Pentameron Answer: B

Q2. Why is Cobbett's 'English Grammar' considered unique among grammars? A. It is written entirely in verse B. It is thoroughly entertaining C. It includes no rules D. It is written in broad Scotch Answer: B

Q3. Who is presented as an antithesis to Cobbett in almost every conceivable particular? A. Walter Savage Landor B. Robert Southey C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge D. Thomas De Quincey Answer: A

Q4. Landor is unsurpassed in which style of prose writing? A. Vernacular and colloquial B. Severe, sententious, sculpturesque C. Passionate and rhetorical D. Easy-going and irresponsible Answer: B

Q5. What is the title of Landor's principal prose work consisting of dialogues between great characters of the past? A. Rural Rides B. Biographia Literaria C. Imaginary Conversations D. Peter Plymley's Letters Answer: C

Q6. Which of the following works is a tale of the golden age of Athens told in letters by Landor? A. The Citation of William Shakespeare B. The Pentameron C. Pericles and Aspasia D. Life of Nelson Answer: C

Q7. The 'Pentameron' is a series of dialogues between which two historical figures? A. Pericles and Aspasia B. Petrarch and Boccaccio C. Dante and Beatrice D. Shakespeare and Jonson Answer: B

Q8. What is Robert Southey's prose masterpiece? A. Life of Scott B. Life of Nelson C. Rural Rides D. Biographia Literaria Answer: B

Q9. Which prose work by Coleridge is rambling and unequal but contains profound analytical and interpretative power? A. Imaginary Conversations B. Rural Rides C. Biographia Literaria D. Table Talk Answer: C

▶ Page 208 - The Age of Wordsworth: Historians and Philosophers

Q1. The text notes that this chapter could be extended considerably by the inclusion of writers in which fields? A. Science and mathematics B. History and philosophy C. Astronomy and geography D. Law and medicine Answer: B

Q2. During the period discussed, many writers did excellent work in history and philosophy. How does the author choose to handle them? A. By providing a detailed catalogue of their names B. By analyzing their major works in depth C. By excluding them from discussion here D. By devoting a separate chapter to them Answer: C

Q3. What reason does the author give for not discussing the historical and philosophical writers? A. Their works are lost B. This is not the place to discuss the value of their contributions to their special subjects C. They are not considered part of English literature D. Their works were written in Latin Answer: B

Q4. How does the author view a 'mere catalogue of their names and writings'? A. As highly beneficial to students B. As a necessary evil C. As serving no useful purpose D. As the best way to summarize the era Answer: C

Q5. The omission of historians and philosophers indicates the book's primary focus is on: A. General literature (poetry, fiction, essays, criticism) B. Political theory C. Hard sciences D. Theological debates Answer: A

Q6. The decision not to list the philosophers and historians is a matter of: A. Ignorance B. Space constraints and narrative focus C. Censorship D. Academic disagreement Answer: B

Q7. While the romantic era produced great poetry and essays, it is implied that it also produced substantial work in: A. Greek drama B. History and philosophy C. Modern physics D. Classical sculpture Answer: B

Q8. The phrase 'contributions to the literature of their special subjects' suggests that: A. Their writing is only technical B. They are important in their fields but may not belong in a general literary history C. They were bad writers D. They were mostly novelists in disguise Answer: B

Q9. The author skips these writers to maintain the flow of the book towards which upcoming topic in the next chapter? A. The Augustan Age B. The Novel in the Age of Wordsworth C. The Victorian Drama D. The Renaissance Answer: B

▶ Page 209 - The Age of Wordsworth: The Novel and Scott

Q1. Chapter 21 focuses on which literary form during the Age of Wordsworth? A. The Epic Poem B. The Essay C. The Novel D. The Drama Answer: C

Q2. For how long did Sir Walter Scott enjoy great success as a writer of romances in verse before turning to prose fiction? A. Five years B. Ten years C. Fifteen years D. Twenty years Answer: B

Q3. Which of the following is given as a reason for Scott turning from verse to prose romance? A. He lost his ability to write rhyming verse B. The original vein he had opened up was getting exhausted C. The government banned verse romances D. He wanted to write history books instead Answer: B

Q4. Whose sudden rise threatened the supremacy Scott had long enjoyed in poetry? A. Keats B. Shelley C. Wordsworth D. Byron Answer: D

Q5. With which work in 1814 did Scott strike out definitely into a new line of prose fiction? A. Rokeby B. Waverley C. The Lay of the Last Minstrel D. The Lady of the Lake Answer: B

Q6. Which of Scott's later narrative poems is described as 'to all intents and purposes a novel in verse'? A. The Lay of the Last Minstrel B. Marmion C. Rokeby D. The Lord of the Isles Answer: C

Q7. In 'Rokeby', what did Scott perceive about the focus of the interest for the first time? A. It centered on character rather than incident B. It centered entirely on incident C. It was purely historical facts D. It was based on supernatural elements Answer: A

Q8. How did verse function for Scott's powers when writing 'Rokeby'? A. As a perfect medium B. As an aid C. As a hindrance D. As an inspiration Answer: C

Q9. Before writing Waverley, Scott had entertained the ambitious desire of composing a tale of chivalry in the style of which book? A. The Castle of Otranto B. Robinson Crusoe C. Pamela D. Tom Jones Answer: A

▶ Page 210 - Scott's Transition to Prose

Q1. The reception accorded to which poem convinced Scott that there was a large English reading public interested in the Highlands? A. The Lay of the Last Minstrel B. Rokeby C. The Lady of the Lake D. Marmion Answer: C

Q2. Whose 'Irish Tales' gave Scott a fresh stimulus to write a prose romance? A. Jane Austen's B. Fanny Burney's C. Maria Edgeworth's D. Mary Shelley's Answer: C

Q3. What particularly struck Scott about Maria Edgeworth's Irish Tales? A. Their supernatural elements B. Their detailed pictures of the characters and manners of the Irish people C. Their strict classical structure D. Their deep philosophical digressions Answer: B

Q4. What did Scott aim to do for Scotland inspired by Maria Edgeworth? A. Write epic poetry about its ancient kings B. What Miss Edgeworth had done for Ireland C. Write a comprehensive political history D. Create a dictionary of the Scottish dialect Answer: B

Q5. How did Scott accidentally rediscover the draft of the first chapters of Waverley? A. While moving houses B. While hunting in a drawer for some fishing tackle C. A friend found it and sent it to him D. He found it in an old book of poetry Answer: B

Q6. How long did it take Scott to complete Waverley after finding the draft? A. Three weeks B. Three months C. A year D. Three days Answer: A

Q7. Scott's work in fiction represents the amalgamation of the 18th century historical romance and what else? A. The 18th century essay B. The 18th century novel of manners C. The 17th century epic D. The Gothic horror story Answer: B

Q8. What unique combination of interests did Waverley bring together for the first time? A. Romance and realism B. Philosophy and science C. Politics and economics D. Poetry and drama Answer: A

Q9. What did Scott do for the story of manners for the first time? A. Set it in a futuristic framework B. Set it in an historical framework C. Wrote it entirely in dialect D. Combined it with fairy tales Answer: B

▶ Page 211 - Characteristics of Scott's Novels

Q1. How many novels and tales make up the Waverley Novels? A. Twenty-seven novels and five tales B. Twenty novels and ten tales C. Thirty novels and two tales D. Fifteen novels and fifteen tales Answer: A

Q2. The Waverley Novels were the result of how many years of extraordinary creative activity? A. Ten years B. Eighteen years C. Twenty-five years D. Thirty years Answer: B

Q3. Which century does 'Count Robert of Paris' cover? A. Eleventh century B. Twelfth century C. Fourteenth century D. Fifteenth century Answer: A

Q4. 'Ivanhoe' and 'The Talisman' are set in which century? A. Eleventh century B. Twelfth century C. Fourteenth century D. Fifteenth century Answer: B

Q5. In which setting is Scott always at his best? A. Medieval England B. The Scotland of the 17th and 18th centuries C. 15th century France D. 11th century Byzantium Answer: B

Q6. What is Scott's regular practice in his historical novels regarding the hero? A. The hero is always a famous historical king B. The hero is a private individual whose fortunes become involved in great public movements C. The hero is a mythological figure D. The hero never interacts with real historical events Answer: B

Q7. In 'Waverley', the hero Edward Waverley gets entangled in which historical event? A. The Wars of the Roses B. The Jacobite rising of 1745 C. The French Revolution D. The English Civil War Answer: B

Q8. What famous historical figure does Edward Waverley meet in the novel? A. Queen Elizabeth I B. The Young Pretender C. Oliver Cromwell D. Richard the Lionheart Answer: B

Q9. Who noted that Scott's novels taught all men that bygone ages were filled by living men, not by abstractions? A. Jeffrey B. Hazlitt C. Carlyle D. Macaulay Answer: C

▶ Page 212 - Scott's Style and Shortcomings

Q1. Which of Scott's novels is described as brilliant as a romance but totally untrustworthy as a picture of life in the middle ages due to fundamental anachronisms? A. Waverley B. Rob Roy C. Ivanhoe D. The Antiquary Answer: C

Q2. How is Scott's method of characterization described in contrast to the modern psychological novelist? A. He indulges in elaborate analysis B. He paints in broad, bold outlines with a big brush C. He uses stream of consciousness D. He avoids characterizing people completely Answer: B

Q3. With which kind of characters does Scott achieve remarkable success? A. Complex psychological cases B. Tragic aristocratic heroes C. Simple characters drawn directly from Scottish life D. Foreign royalty Answer: C

Q4. Which strong passions are the notable exception to Scott's lack of power over the stronger passions? A. Romantic love and jealousy B. Greed and ambition C. Patriotism and loyalty D. Religious fanaticism Answer: C

Q5. How is Scott's humor characterized? A. Bitter and sarcastic B. Racy, full-blooded, and always genial and wholesome C. Dark and macabre D. Intellectual and dry Answer: B

Q6. What does the text note about Scott's general treatment of life? A. He had profound spiritual insight and grasp B. He takes the reader deep beneath the surface of things C. His lack of spiritual insight and grasp gives us little more than the external panorama of history D. He focused too heavily on philosophical debates Answer: C

Q7. Despite his shortcomings, what qualities ensure permanence in Scott's literature? A. His delicate lyrical poetry B. Creative energy, touch with large currents of human life, and a manly, robust sound C. His precise historical accuracy D. His psychological depth Answer: B

Q8. According to the text, Scott was marvelously successful in reproducing at least the externals of the periods he described and breathing life into: A. The dead poets B. The dry bones of history C. The mythological gods D. The scientific discoveries Answer: B

Q9. Did Scott write his novels slowly and meticulously? A. Yes, he spent years revising each one B. No, he wrote rapidly and often carelessly C. He dictated them slowly to an amanuensis D. He relied on ghostwriters Answer: B

▶ Page 213 - Other Novelists of the Time

Q1. Who wrote 'Castle Rackrent', 'The Absentee', and 'Ormond'? A. Susan Edmonstone Ferrier B. Maria Edgeworth C. Jane Austen D. Mary Shelley Answer: B

Q2. Susan Edmonstone Ferrier was a clever painter of characters and manners from which country? A. Ireland B. England C. Scotland D. Wales Answer: C

Q3. Which of the following works was NOT written by Jane Austen? A. Sense and Sensibility B. Pride and Prejudice C. Marriage D. Mansfield Park Answer: C

Q4. Jane Austen achieved an even level of perfection because she never ventured beyond: A. Her own experience and powers B. The historical records of her time C. The Gothic tradition D. The political events of London Answer: A

Q5. Jane Austen's books are characterized by their lack of: A. Everyday occurrences B. The elements of great passion and strong action C. Subtle humor D. Life-like characterization Answer: B

Q6. Who carried on the wildest traditions of the romance of fantasy and horror with 'Melmoth the Wanderer'? A. Charles Robert Maturin B. Theodore Hook C. John Galt D. Thomas Love Peacock Answer: A

Q7. Who was considered one of the fun-makers of his generation, producing loosely written novels that greatly amused the public? A. John Galt B. Theodore Hook C. Thomas Love Peacock D. William Harrison Ainsworth Answer: B

Q8. John Galt's 'Annals of the Parish' contains admirable pictures of contemporary life in: A. Ireland B. London C. Scotland D. Paris Answer: C

Q9. For Thomas Love Peacock, fiction became the vehicle of: A. Gothic horror B. Witty satiric commentary C. Deep psychological analysis D. Religious instruction Answer: B

▶ Page 214 - Followers of Scott and Chronological Table

Q1. George Payne Rainsford James and William Harrison Ainsworth are mentioned as followers of Scott in what genre? A. The domestic novel B. The psychological thriller C. The historical romance D. Satiric commentary Answer: C

Q2. Which novel by William Harrison Ainsworth gives a wonderfully vivid description of London during the Plague and the Great Fire? A. Henry Masterton B. Richelieu C. Old Saint Paul's D. The Tower of London Answer: C

Q3. According to the chronological table, in what year was 'Lyrical Ballads' published? A. 1789 B. 1798 C. 1800 D. 1802 Answer: B

Q4. In what year did William Cowper die, as noted in the table? A. 1798 B. 1799 C. 1800 D. 1802 Answer: C

Q5. The Edinburgh Review was founded in which year? A. 1800 B. 1802 C. 1809 D. 1817 Answer: B

Q6. Maria Edgeworth's 'Castle Rackrent' was published in: A. 1798 B. 1800 C. 1804 D. 1811 Answer: B

Q7. In what year did Byron's 'Hours of Idleness' appear? A. 1805 B. 1807 C. 1809 D. 1812 Answer: B

Q8. The Quarterly Review was founded in what year? A. 1802 B. 1807 C. 1809 D. 1817 Answer: C

Q9. Jane Austen's 'Sense and Sensibility' was published in which year? A. 1811 B. 1812 C. 1814 D. 1817 Answer: A

▶ Page 215 - Chronological Table (1812-1824)

Q1. According to the chronological table, in what year was Charles Dickens born? A. 1809 B. 1811 C. 1812 D. 1820 Answer: C

Q2. Shelley's 'Queen Mab' was published in which year? A. 1813 B. 1816 C. 1820 D. 1821 Answer: A

Q3. Sir Walter Scott's novel 'Waverley' was published in: A. 1812 B. 1813 C. 1814 D. 1816 Answer: C

Q4. Which poem by Wordsworth is listed as being published in 1814? A. Lyrical Ballads B. The Excursion C. Christabel D. Alastor Answer: B

Q5. In what year did Jane Austen die? A. 1814 B. 1816 C. 1817 D. 1820 Answer: C

Q6. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine and the London Magazine were both founded in what year? A. 1809 B. 1817 C. 1820 D. 1824 Answer: B

Q7. Keats's first poems were published in what year? A. 1816 B. 1817 C. 1818 D. 1820 Answer: B

Q8. George Eliot was born in which year? A. 1811 B. 1812 C. 1819 D. 1820 Answer: D

Q9. Which two major poets both died between 1821 and 1824 according to this page of the table? A. Wordsworth and Coleridge B. Keats and Shelley C. Byron and Scott D. Crabbe and Keats Answer: B

▶ Page 216 - Chronological Table (1830-1832)

Q1. In what year were Tennyson's 'Poems' and Mrs. Hemans' 'Songs of the Affections' published? A. 1824 B. 1830 C. 1831 D. 1832 Answer: B

Q2. Moore's 'Life of Byron' was published in: A. 1824 B. 1830 C. 1832 D. 1833 Answer: B

Q3. Which of Browning's early works is listed as being published in 1831 and 1833? A. Pauline B. Sordello C. Paracelsus D. Strafford Answer: A

Q4. Which poet is noted as dying in 1832 alongside Sir Walter Scott? A. George Crabbe B. Lord Byron C. William Wordsworth D. Samuel Taylor Coleridge Answer: A

Q5. Sir Walter Scott's death occurred in what year? A. 1824 B. 1830 C. 1832 D. 1850 Answer: C

Q6. The publication of Tennyson's 'Poems' in 1830 marked the early career of a major poet of which upcoming era? A. The Augustan era B. The Romantic era C. The Victorian era D. The Edwardian era Answer: C

Q7. The timeline of this chapter effectively ends around the year: A. 1815 B. 1824 C. 1832 D. 1850 Answer: C

Q8. The juxtaposition of Scott's death and Tennyson/Browning's first publications illustrates: A. The end of prose B. The transition from the Romantic to the Victorian literary period C. The end of all romantic writing D. A dark age in English literature Answer: B

Q9. Which table column is Moore's 'Life of Byron' listed under? A. Verse B. General Prose C. The Novel D. Drama Answer: B

▶ Page 217 - The Age of Tennyson (1832-1887)

Q1. Chapter 22 deals with the Age of Tennyson, covering which years? A. 1798-1832 B. 1832-1887 C. 1887-1914 D. 1850-1900 Answer: B

Q2. The period called the Age of Tennyson corresponds very closely in general history with which era? A. The Elizabethan Age B. The Augustan Age C. The Victorian Age D. The Romantic Age Answer: C

Q3. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in what year? A. 1832 B. 1837 C. 1850 D. 1887 Answer: B

Q4. Which year is taken as marking the close of the Age of Tennyson in this survey? A. 1887 (the year of Victoria's jubilee) B. 1901 (the year of Victoria's death) C. 1892 (the year of Tennyson's death) D. 1850 (the year Tennyson became Laureate) Answer: A

Q5. How does the author describe the literature of the Age of Tennyson? A. Monotonous and purely classical B. Wonderfully rich and varied in personal quality C. Highly imitative of the Augustans D. Lacking in all social awareness Answer: B

Q6. The literature of the Age of Tennyson everywhere embodies the spirit of: A. The French Revolution B. Victorian England C. The Renaissance D. The Protestant Reformation Answer: B

Q7. The Victorian Age was an era of surprising change along many lines. What makes its literature unique? A. It was written exclusively by women B. It could not conceivably have been produced at any other time in history C. It rejected the printing press D. It focused only on the medieval past Answer: B

Q8. The enormous complexity of the Victorian period makes what impossible within brief limits? A. Exhaustive analysis B. Reading the poetry C. Naming the authors D. Understanding the language Answer: A

Q9. Which two spheres are identified as containing the great dominant movements of the time? A. Military and naval B. Political/social and intellectual C. Artistic and musical D. Agricultural and industrial Answer: B

▶ Page 218 - Political and Social Movements

Q1. Which Reform Bill had already destroyed the political supremacy of the landed aristocracy by the start of the Victorian era? A. The Reform Bill of 1867 B. The Reform Bill of 1884 C. The Reform Bill of 1832 D. The Reform Bill of 1918 Answer: C

Q2. Why did the Reform Bill of 1832 fail to satisfy those pushing for a radical measure? A. It left the greater part of the laboring classes still un-enfranchised B. It abolished the monarchy C. It gave too much power to the King D. It banned trade unions Answer: A

Q3. What great popular movement kept England in a state of political unrest for some ten years? A. Luddism B. Chartism C. Jacobitism D. Methodism Answer: B

Q4. What term is used to describe the widespread misery of the 1840s? A. The roaring forties B. The hungry forties C. The golden forties D. The bleak forties Answer: B

Q5. The first decade of the Queen's reign is described as an anxious time, but it stirred the social consciousness and gave impetus to: A. Imperial conquests B. Philanthropic energy and the spirit of humanitarianism C. The rise of the slave trade D. Military dictatorship Answer: B

Q6. The repeal of which laws ushered in an era of much improved industrial conditions? A. The Poor Laws B. The Navigation Acts C. The Corn Laws D. The Test Acts Answer: C

Q7. After what year did the Chartist movement die out? A. 1832 B. 1837 C. 1848 D. 1867 Answer: C

Q8. Tennyson sang the praises of England as a 'crown'd republic' due to what peaceful revolution? A. The execution of Charles I B. The Reform Bills of 1867 and 1884-85 C. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 D. The French Revolution Answer: B

Q9. Beyond any other period in history, the Victorian Age was an age of: A. Epic poetry and tragedy B. Social interests and practical ideals C. Extreme political apathy D. Pure aestheticism Answer: B

▶ Page 219 - The Progress of Science

Q1. During the fifty years of the Victorian Age, the progress of science kept pace with the progress of what? A. Monarchy B. Democracy C. Feudalism D. Romanticism Answer: B

Q2. How did the amount of positive knowledge added during this time compare to previous eras? A. It was less than the Renaissance B. It matched the Augustan age C. It was far more than in all the preceding eighteen centuries D. It declined significantly Answer: C

Q3. How were the facts and speculations of experts spread to the public at large? A. By wandering minstrels B. Through popular education, newspapers, magazines, and cheap books C. Through royal decrees D. By traveling theatre troupes Answer: B

Q4. What is identified as the greatest of all modern generalizations? A. The theory of relativity B. The doctrine of evolution C. The germ theory of disease D. The laws of thermodynamics Answer: B

Q5. Which three names are specially associated with the doctrine of evolution in this text? A. Newton, Galileo, Kepler B. Darwin, Wallace, and Herbert Spencer C. Lyell, Faraday, Maxwell D. Huxley, Tyndall, Kelvin Answer: B

Q6. What was the consequence of the rapid progress and popularization of knowledge on thought? A. Universal peace and religious harmony B. A vast upheaval in thought and shaking of the ancient intellectual order C. A return to medieval scholasticism D. The complete abandonment of science Answer: B

Q7. The Victorian Age was marked throughout by the prominence of which spirit? A. Unquestioning religious faith B. Inquiry, criticism, scepticism, and spiritual struggle C. Absolute political conformity D. Classical mythology Answer: B

Q8. The analytical and critical habit of mind fostered by science resulted in a marked development of what in literature? A. Realism B. Fantasy C. Epic tragedy D. Pure romanticism Answer: A

Q9. Which mechanical agencies are mentioned as breaking down barriers between town and country, and nation and nation? A. The printing press and the telescope B. The railway, the steamship, and the telegraph C. The automobile and the airplane D. The spinning jenny and the power loom Answer: B

▶ Page 220 - Counter-Movement and Tennyson

Q1. What is an important principle of historical interpretation noted by the author regarding strong movements? A. They always last forever B. They always set up a counter-movement C. They eventually destroy society D. They only happen in political spheres Answer: B

Q2. The great counter-movement in the Age of Tennyson was against the domination of: A. Poetry B. Democracy C. Science D. The monarchy Answer: C

Q3. Science tended to materialism alike in thought and in life. How did a great deal of Victorian literature respond? A. By fully embracing materialism B. By desiring to check this tendency and proclaim the eternal value of spiritual things C. By ignoring science completely D. By returning to Latin and Greek Answer: B

Q4. What was the prompting motive of the romantic revival during the Victorian era? A. A love for modern materialistic civilization B. Dissatisfaction with the ugliness of modern materialistic civilization C. A desire to write purely political pamphlets D. The intention to replace the novel with verse Answer: B

Q5. In the end, the romantic spirit combined with the spirit of what, assuming a practical character? A. Social reform B. Scientific inquiry C. Classical translation D. Utilitarianism Answer: A

Q6. Who are identified as the two chief poets of the Age of Tennyson? A. Keats and Shelley B. Tennyson and Browning C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Swinburne and Rossetti Answer: B

Q7. In what year was Alfred Tennyson born? A. 1798 B. 1809 C. 1832 D. 1850 Answer: B

Q8. In 1829, Tennyson won the Chancellor's medal at Cambridge for a poem on what subject? A. Timbuctoo B. King Arthur C. Prometheus D. Waterloo Answer: A

Q9. In what year did Tennyson become poet Laureate? A. 1832 B. 1842 C. 1850 D. 1884 Answer: C

▶ Page 221 - Tennyson's Works and Style

Q1. Which of the following is a monodrama published by Tennyson in 1854? A. The Princess B. Maud C. Enoch Arden D. In Memoriam Answer: B

Q2. What overarching subject occupied Tennyson's attention for many years, culminating in a series of Idylls? A. The Greek gods B. The story of Arthur and the Round Table C. The history of the Roman Empire D. The life of Christ Answer: B

Q3. For upwards of a decade, Tennyson devoted his energies mainly to which new field? A. The novel B. The essay C. The drama D. Political journalism Answer: C

Q4. Which of the following is one of Tennyson's historical plays? A. King John B. Becket C. The Tempest D. Strafford Answer: B

Q5. According to Tennyson's directions, which superb lyric is always printed as the last poem in any complete edition of his works? A. The Ancient Sage B. Vastness C. Akbar's Dream D. Crossing the Bar Answer: D

Q6. Tennyson is considered perhaps the most conscientious and accomplished poetic artist in English literature after which poet? A. Chaucer B. Shakespeare C. Milton D. Pope Answer: C

Q7. What was Tennyson's relationship to his age from a strictly historical point of view? A. He was completely detached from it B. He was highly critical of all its movements C. He was the most thoroughly representative poet of his age D. He was largely ignored during his lifetime Answer: C

Q8. To whom is Tennyson compared regarding his representative status for his respective era? A. Spenser to the England of Elizabeth B. Chaucer to the Middle Ages C. Milton to the Puritan Age D. Pope to the Augustan Age Answer: A

Q9. The extraordinary diversity of Tennyson's work is typical of the strongly marked what of his age? A. Realism B. Eclecticism C. Absolutism D. Puritanism Answer: B

▶ Page 222 - Tennyson's Themes and Conservatism

Q1. In which poem did Tennyson grapple with the question of the higher education of women? A. Maud B. The Princess C. Enoch Arden D. The May Queen Answer: B

Q2. 'Maud' quivers with the patriotic passion associated with which war? A. The Napoleonic Wars B. The Crimean War C. The Boer War D. The American Civil War Answer: B

Q3. In the 'Idylls of the King', what did Tennyson do with the old medieval story? A. He translated it directly into Latin B. He turned it into a parable bearing upon contemporary life C. He converted it into a comedy D. He replaced all the characters with Greek gods Answer: B

Q4. Politically and socially, Tennyson stands out as the poetic exponent of the cautious spirit of: A. Revolutionary radicalism B. Victorian liberalism C. Jacobite conservatism D. Anarchism Answer: B

Q5. Tennyson held tenaciously to the great heritage of English tradition and was firmly opposed to: A. Law and order B. The progress of mankind C. 'Raw haste' and rash experiments D. The monarchy Answer: C

Q6. Which famous line is from Tennyson's poetry about change? A. 'A thing of beauty is a joy forever' B. 'The old order changeth, yielding place to new' C. 'Water, water, everywhere' D. 'To be, or not to be' Answer: B

Q7. In the poem cited, why does God fulfill himself in many ways? A. To confuse mankind B. Lest one good custom should corrupt the world C. To punish the wicked D. To show his absolute power Answer: B

Q8. Despite being a recluse and an aristocrat, Tennyson was profoundly interested in: A. Royal genealogy B. Common people and common things C. Collecting rare medieval manuscripts D. Traveling to foreign countries Answer: B

Q9. Which of the following poems by Tennyson is NOT mentioned as dealing with common people and things? A. The May Queen B. Enoch Arden C. Dora D. The Ancient Sage Answer: D

▶ Page 223 - Tennyson's Thought and Browning

Q1. Tennyson's poetry is particularly important as a record of what life of the time? A. Economic life B. Intellectual and spiritual life C. Military life D. Agricultural life Answer: B

Q2. In which poem may we best read of the Victorian century's great conflict of doubt and faith? A. The Ancient Sage B. In Memoriam C. Enoch Arden D. Maud Answer: B

Q3. How did Tennyson's view of nature differ from Wordsworth's? A. He saw it with the eye of a scientist as well as a poet B. He ignored its beauty entirely C. He thought it was merely an illusion D. He found no minute details to describe Answer: A

Q4. What aspect of nature disturbed Tennyson's thought? A. Its lack of color B. Its indifference and cruelty in the cosmic struggle C. Its excessive harmony D. Its artificiality Answer: B

Q5. Tennyson's persistent belief in evolution helped him look forward to: A. The destruction of the earth B. The return of the Middle Ages C. The 'one far-off divine event to which the whole creation moves' D. The victory of pure materialism Answer: C

Q6. Robert Browning was born in what year? A. 1809 B. 1812 C. 1832 D. 1850 Answer: B

Q7. What was the title of Browning's first published work in 1833? A. Paracelsus B. Pauline C. Strafford D. Sordello Answer: B

Q8. In 1837, which tragedy by Browning was produced at Covent Garden by Macready? A. The Cenci B. Remorse C. Strafford D. Othello Answer: C

Q9. In 1846, Robert Browning married which poet? A. Mary Shelley B. Elizabeth Barrett C. Christina Rossetti D. Felicia Hemans Answer: B

▶ Page 224 - Browning's Major Works and Method

Q1. Which enormous dramatic-narrative poem in four volumes did Browning publish in 1868-69? A. The Ring and the Book B. Dramatis Personae C. Men and Women D. Asolando Answer: A

Q2. What was the title of Browning's last volume, published on the very day he died in 1889? A. Paracelsus B. The Ring and the Book C. Asolando D. Bells and Pomegranates Answer: C

Q3. How is Browning's style contrasted with Tennyson's? A. Browning was much more smooth and polished B. Browning was bold, rugged, and altogether unconventional C. Browning used strict classical meter exclusively D. Browning never used dramatic forms Answer: B

Q4. A common criticism of Browning's later work is that it is: A. Too simplistic and childish B. Prolix, ill-digested, and marred by harshness and obscurity C. An exact imitation of Shakespeare D. Completely lacking in any philosophical meaning Answer: B

Q5. Browning's genius was essentially: A. Lyrical B. Dramatic C. Epic D. Satirical Answer: B

Q6. Rather than the world of action, where was Browning's interest centered? A. In the natural landscape B. In the moral and spiritual forces and conflicts of individual men and women C. In abstract mathematical theories D. In political economy Answer: B

Q7. What was Browning's characteristic art-form, which he used more effectively than any other poet? A. The regular stage-play B. The detached speech, or dramatic monologue C. The Spenserian stanza D. The Petrarchan sonnet Answer: B

Q8. In his dramatic monologues, how does Browning typically reveal a character? A. By dissecting him from the outside as an ordinary novelist would B. By making him reveal his innermost secrets through his own utterances, usually at a critical moment C. By having a chorus explain his actions D. By strictly describing only his physical appearance Answer: B

Q9. Which two qualities are noted as main features of Browning's poetry? A. Perfect rhyme and pastoral settings B. Psychological insight and analytical subtlety C. Scientific realism and cold logic D. Melancholy and despair Answer: B

▶ Page 225 - Browning's Message and Matthew Arnold

Q1. As a moralist and religious teacher, what did Browning preach as the central truths of his philosophy of life? A. God and immortality B. Scientific materialism and evolution C. Agnosticism and doubt D. Social revolution Answer: A

Q2. Browning's poetry was a protest against scientific materialism and also against: A. The use of dramatic monologues B. The optimistic faith of the age C. The pessimistic mood engendered by current philosophy D. The teaching of the church Answer: C

Q3. The melancholy, hesitating spirit so often expressed by Tennyson is: A. Imitated perfectly by Browning B. Absent from Browning's verse, who retained a robustly optimistic faith C. The exact theme of 'The Ring and the Book' D. What makes Browning a classicist Answer: B

Q4. 'Hope hard in the subtle thing that's spirit,' was the note of whose message? A. Tennyson B. Matthew Arnold C. Browning D. Arthur Hugh Clough Answer: C

Q5. Which of Browning's characters says: 'God's in His heaven - all's right with the world'? A. Sordello B. Pippa C. Paracelsus D. Strafford Answer: B

Q6. Who is suggested as holding the third place among poets of the Victorian Age, after Tennyson and Browning? A. Matthew Arnold B. Arthur Hugh Clough C. Dante Gabriel Rossetti D. Swinburne Answer: A

Q7. By sympathy and training, Matthew Arnold was a thorough: A. Romantic B. Classicist C. Realist D. Pre-Raphaelite Answer: B

Q8. Matthew Arnold believed that all really great poetry is: A. Subjective poetry of self-expression B. Impersonal or objective poetry (like drama and epic) C. Satirical poetry D. Lyrical poetry Answer: B

Q9. Which of the following is one of Matthew Arnold's ambitious objective poems? A. Sohrab and Rustum B. Maud C. The Ring and the Book D. Men and Women Answer: A

▶ Page 226 - Arnold, Clough, and E.B. Browning

Q1. Most of Matthew Arnold's personal poetry is steeped in: A. The robust optimism of Browning B. The melancholy spirit of an era of transition C. A joyful celebration of nature D. Fierce political satire Answer: B

Q2. The lines 'Wandering between two worlds, one dead, / The other powerless to be born' are from which of Arnold's poems? A. Empedocles on Etna B. Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse C. Thyrsis D. Balder Dead Answer: B

Q3. How is Arnold's poetic style described? A. Cold and clear, with fine restraint and sculpturesque purity B. Lush, ornate, and highly musical C. Bold, rugged, and unconventional D. Spasmodic and overly emotional Answer: A

Q4. 'Thyrsis' is Matthew Arnold's noble monody on the death of which friend and spiritual kinsman? A. Arthur Henry Hallam B. Arthur Hugh Clough C. Robert Browning D. Lord Tennyson Answer: B

Q5. Which delightful longer poem by Arthur Hugh Clough deserves to be better known? A. The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich B. Casa Guidi Windows C. Aurora Leigh D. Sordello Answer: A

Q6. Who holds the position as the most considerable and vigorous of all women-writers of verse of this period? A. Christina Rossetti B. Emily Bronte C. Elizabeth Barrett Browning D. Jane Austen Answer: C

Q7. What was one of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's main faults as a writer? A. She wrote too little and too slowly B. She lacked the faculty of self-criticism and frequently exhibited over-wrought emotionalism C. She adhered too strictly to classical rules D. Her poetry was completely devoid of emotion Answer: B

Q8. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poetry sometimes degenerates into: A. Dry philosophical debate B. Downright gush and hysterics C. Complex mathematical formulas D. Purely objective epics Answer: B

Q9. At her best, what redeeming qualities does Elizabeth Barrett Browning exhibit? A. Noble sincerity, genuine passion, and undeniable power over language B. Cold clarity and sculpturesque purity C. Subtle psychological analysis and dramatic monologue mastery D. A complete detachment from human suffering Answer: A

▶ Page 227 - E.B. Browning and Rossetti

Q1. Which long poem in blank verse by Elizabeth Barrett Browning might really be classed as a novel, save for its form? A. The Cry of the Children B. Casa Guidi Windows C. Aurora Leigh D. Sonnets from the Portuguese Answer: C

Q2. Unlike Matthew Arnold, Mrs. Browning believed that it should be one chief aim of the poet to: A. Imitate Greek tragedies B. Meet the age face to face C. Escape completely into the past D. Write only in Latin Answer: B

Q3. In which series of sonnets did Mrs. Browning enshrine her love, creating a masterpiece of love-poetry? A. The House of Life B. Sonnets from the Portuguese C. Modern Love D. Astrophil and Stella Answer: B

Q4. Dante Gabriel Rossetti is the leading figure in which artistic movement? A. Pre-Raphaelitism B. Imagism C. The Spasmodic School D. The Lake School Answer: A

Q5. How is Dante Gabriel Rossetti described in relation to his time, using Mr. Hall Caine's language? A. A progressive visionary B. An anachronism in these days C. A scientific rationalist D. The voice of Victorian industry Answer: B

Q6. The real home of Rossetti's imagination was not 19th-century London, but: A. Ancient Rome B. The Florence of Dante's era C. Medieval Paris D. The Scottish Highlands Answer: B

Q7. Despite the deeply Catholic atmosphere of his poetry, what were Rossetti's actual intellectual convictions? A. He was a devout Catholic B. He was an evangelical Protestant C. He was an agnostic D. He was a staunch Puritan Answer: C

Q8. In which poetic form did Rossetti excel when dealing with situations of tragic intensity? A. The dramatic monologue B. The blank verse epic C. The ballad D. The mock-heroic Answer: C

Q9. Which of the following is a poem by Dante Gabriel Rossetti? A. The Blessed Damozel B. Aurora Leigh C. Casa Guidi Windows D. Sordello Answer: A

▶ Page 228 - Christina Rossetti, Morris, and Swinburne

Q1. Who is the only other woman-poet in this literature who can fairly be placed beside Mrs. Browning? A. Emily Bronte B. Christina Georgina Rossetti C. George Eliot D. Felicia Hemans Answer: B

Q2. Christina Rossetti's work is characterized by: A. Satirical humor and political commentary B. Deep religious feeling, a pronounced strain of mysticism, and much metrical charm C. Cold classicism and objective epic forms D. Detailed descriptions of industrial life Answer: B

Q3. Through which poet is the main line of Rossetti's influence and romanticism traced? A. Algernon Charles Swinburne B. Matthew Arnold C. William Morris D. James Thomson Answer: C

Q4. Which of the following is an early work by William Morris? A. The Earthly Paradise B. Atalanta in Calydon C. The White Ship D. Sister Helen Answer: A

Q5. Under the influence of Ruskin and a revulsion from modern commercialism, what political ideology did William Morris adopt? A. Conservatism B. Socialism C. Anarchism D. Imperialism Answer: B

Q6. How did Morris once describe himself early in his career? A. A scorpion B. The idle singer of an empty day C. The poetic exponent of liberalism D. A wandering minstrel Answer: B

Q7. Which poet was the last to die of the great race of Victorian poets? A. Robert Browning B. Lord Tennyson C. Algernon Charles Swinburne D. William Morris Answer: C

Q8. Swinburne's 'Atalanta in Calydon' and 'Erechtheus' rank among the finest attempts to revive which form? A. The medieval mystery play B. The English sonnet sequence C. The pure classic form of Greek tragedy D. The Italian epic Answer: C

Q9. Swinburne wrote an English dramatic trilogy about which historical figure? A. Mary Stuart B. Queen Elizabeth C. Joan of Arc D. Cleopatra Answer: A

▶ Page 229 - Swinburne and Minor Poets

Q1. It is primarily as what type of poet that Swinburne will hold his place in our literature? A. An epic poet B. A dramatist C. A lyrist D. A satirist Answer: C

Q2. What was a frequent snare for Swinburne in his poetry? A. His excessive political conservatism B. His fondness for mere verbal effects C. His inability to write in meter D. His strict adherence to realism Answer: B

Q3. Which of the following works is a romantic comedy by Sir Henry Taylor? A. Philip van Artevelde B. The Virgin Widow, or A Sicilian Summer C. The Quest of the Sangraal D. Proverbial Philosophy Answer: B

Q4. Robert Stephen Hawker was the extremely eccentric vicar of Morwenstow in which English county? A. Devon B. Yorkshire C. Cornwall D. Kent Answer: C

Q5. What is considered Robert Stephen Hawker's finest poem, full of the genuine spirit of medieval adventure? A. The Quest of the Sangraal B. Idylls of the King C. The Earthly Paradise D. Tristram of Lyonesse Answer: A

Q6. Who produced the famous free translation, or paraphrase, of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam? A. Sir Henry Taylor B. Robert Stephen Hawker C. Edward FitzGerald D. Martin Farquhar Tupper Answer: C

Q7. In which century did the original Persian astronomer-poet, Omar Khayyam, live? A. The ninth century B. The eleventh century C. The thirteenth century D. The fifteenth century Answer: B

Q8. Did Edward FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat achieve immediate success? A. Yes, it was an instant bestseller B. No, it had little success at first, but gradually won its way C. It was completely ignored until the 20th century D. It was banned upon publication Answer: B

Q9. Who was the author of the highly didactic collection 'Proverbial Philosophy'? A. Martin Farquhar Tupper B. Edward FitzGerald C. Robert Stephen Hawker D. Sir Henry Taylor Answer: A

▶ Page 230 - The Spasmodic School and Other Minor Poets

Q1. Upon which enormous poem does Philip James Bailey's reputation rest? A. The Earthly Paradise B. Festus C. The Roman D. Balder Answer: B

Q2. 'Festus' was commonly regarded as the principal agency in fostering which school of poetry? A. The Lake School B. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood C. The Spasmodic School D. The Parnassian School Answer: C

Q3. How did Tennyson sum up Philip James Bailey's 'Festus'? A. As the greatest poem of the century B. As a dull poem containing many grand things C. As completely devoid of merit D. As an exact copy of 'Paradise Lost' Answer: B

Q4. Which two writers are given as examples of exploded reputations from the spasmodic school? A. Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Morris B. Sydney Dobell and Alexander Smith C. Matthew Arnold and Arthur Hugh Clough D. James Thomson and Edward FitzGerald Answer: B

Q5. James Thomson is known for which poem of pessimism and blank despair? A. Balder B. Life Drama C. The City of Dreadful Night D. The Roman Answer: C

Q6. Lord Macaulay won fame with which stirring work of poetry? A. Lost Tales of Miletus B. Lays of Ancient Rome C. King Arthur D. The Spanish Gypsy Answer: B

Q7. Which versatile author wrote the romantic epic 'King Arthur' and 'Lost Tales of Miletus'? A. Lord Macaulay B. Lord Lytton C. Thackeray D. Kingsley Answer: B

Q8. The author notes that George Eliot's poetry is considerable in quantity, but lacking in what? A. Intellectual qualities B. Moral qualities C. Real poetic inspiration D. Correct grammar Answer: C

Q9. Which of the following is a poetic work by George Eliot? A. The Legend of Jubal B. The Saint's Tragedy C. Andromeda D. Life Drama Answer: A

▶ Page 231 - The Age of Tennyson: Carlyle

Q1. Who is described as incomparably the greatest figure in the general prose literature of his age? A. John Ruskin B. Thomas Carlyle C. Matthew Arnold D. Lord Macaulay Answer: B

Q2. In what year was Thomas Carlyle born? A. 1795 B. 1800 C. 1809 D. 1812 Answer: A

Q3. What was the occupation of Thomas Carlyle's father? A. A clergyman B. A stonemason C. A schoolmaster D. A wealthy landowner Answer: B

Q4. Thomas Carlyle sprang straight from the rugged peasantry of which country? A. Ireland B. Wales C. Scotland D. England Answer: C

Q5. Which strict religious doctrine in which he was bred left a lasting impression on Carlyle's mind? A. Methodism B. Roman Catholicism C. The old Calvinism D. Anglicanism Answer: C

Q6. At which university did Thomas Carlyle matriculate in 1809? A. Oxford University B. Cambridge University C. Edinburgh University D. Glasgow University Answer: C

Q7. What was Carlyle's parents' original design for his career? A. That he should become a doctor B. That he should enter the Scottish Church C. That he should be a lawyer D. That he should join the military Answer: B

Q8. Why did Carlyle find it impossible to enter the Scottish Church? A. He lacked the necessary funds for training B. Radical changes in his religious views made it impossible C. He failed his university exams D. He was drafted into the army Answer: B

Q9. What phrase is used to describe the period when Carlyle was striving vainly to recover his lost belief? A. The dark night of the soul B. The howling wilderness of infidelity C. The slough of despond D. The valley of the shadow of death Answer: B

▶ Page 232 - Thomas Carlyle

Q1. Which of the following works provided Carlyle with mental relief despite his acute dyspepsia?

A. The French Revolution
B. Sartor Resartus
C. Past and Present
D. Heroes and Hero-Worship

Q2. What translation work did Carlyle undertake during his period of hack-writing?

A. Schiller's Dramas
B. Goethe's Wilhelm Meister
C. Dante's Divine Comedy
D. Homer's Iliad

Q3. In what year did Carlyle publish his first important piece of independent work, Life of Schiller?

A. 1825
B. 1826
C. 1834
D. 1837

Q4. Whom did Thomas Carlyle marry in 1826?

A. Jane Austen
B. Mary Shelley
C. Jane Welsh
D. Elizabeth Barrett

Q5. To which European literature did Carlyle contribute heavily in magazines, calling it 'a new heaven and a new earth'?

A. French literature
B. Italian literature
C. Russian literature
D. German literature

Q6. Where did Carlyle produce Sartor Resartus, his most characteristic book?

A. Craigenputtoch
B. Ecclefechan
C. London
D. Edinburgh

Q7. In what year did Carlyle's The French Revolution appear?

A. 1834
B. 1837
C. 1841
D. 1843

Q8. Which book is considered the most penetrating of Carlyle's works inspired by critical social and industrial conditions?

A. The French Revolution
B. Past and Present
C. Latter-day Pamphlets
D. Life of John Sterling

Q9. What was Carlyle's last important work, published in instalments from 1858 to 1865?

A. Past and Present
B. Life of John Sterling
C. History of Frederick the Great
D. Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell

Q10. Where was Thomas Carlyle buried according to his own wish?

A. Westminster Abbey
B. St. Paul's Cathedral
C. Craigenputtoch
D. Ecclefechan

▶ Page 233 - Thomas Carlyle's Style and Philosophy

Q1. How did Carlyle view the merely bookish side of literature?

A. He highly admired it
B. He had no patience with it
C. He considered it the highest art form
D. He tried to master it

Q2. Which of Carlyle's works is described as a 'wonderful prose-epic'?

A. Past and Present
B. Heroes and Hero-Worship
C. The French Revolution
D. Sartor Resartus

Q3. Which seventeenth-century spirit found its last great exponent in Carlyle?

A. Renaissance humanism
B. Puritanism
C. Romanticism
D. Classicism

Q4. What was the keynote of Carlyle's teaching?

A. Optimism
B. Sincerity
C. Utilitarianism
D. Materialism

Q5. How did Carlyle view history?

A. As a series of random events
B. As an illusion
C. As 'the larger Bible'
D. As purely secular records

Q6. What was Carlyle's stance on democracy?

A. He strongly supported it
B. He had no faith in it
C. He believed it was the future of governance
D. He thought it was divinely ordained

Q7. Who did Carlyle believe the great masses of the people needed for guidance?

A. The elected parliament
B. The church clergy
C. The 'hero' or 'able man'
D. The wealthy aristocracy

Q8. What term did Carlyle use to refer to utilitarianism?

A. Pig-philosophy
B. Mud-gods
C. Hero-worship
D. Sham-philosophy

Q9. What did Carlyle proclaim to a generation that worshipped the 'mud-gods of modern civilisation'?

A. A new scientific materialism
B. A spiritual standard of life
C. A political revolution
D. An industrial reform

Q10. Along with what did Carlyle denounce scientific materialism?

A. Spiritual freedom
B. Past and Present
C. Utilitarianism
D. Conventional religion

▶ Page 234 - John Ruskin

Q1. In what year was John Ruskin born?

A. 1800
B. 1819
C. 1825
D. 1834

Q2. Although born in London, what was Ruskin's familial background?

A. Irish stock
B. Welsh stock
C. Scottish stock
D. French stock

Q3. With which poem did Ruskin win the Newdigate prize at Oxford in 1839?

A. Salsette and Elephanta
B. Modern Painters
C. Unto this Last
D. Time and Tide

Q4. What was the primary purpose of the first volume of Ruskin's Modern Painters?

A. To criticize classic art
B. To vindicate the genius of Turner
C. To explore Gothic architecture
D. To promote social propaganda

Q5. Which architectural work did Ruskin produce in 1849?

A. The Stones of Venice
B. The Seven Lamps of Architecture
C. The Two Paths
D. Modern Painters

Q6. Who did Ruskin proclaim as his master in social philosophy?

A. Wordsworth
B. Carlyle
C. Turner
D. William Morris

Q7. What academic position did Ruskin hold in his later life?

A. Regius Professor of History at Oxford
B. Slade Professor at Oxford
C. Professor of Poetry at Cambridge
D. Professor of Literature at Edinburgh

Q8. In which series of letters to the working men of England did Ruskin expound his social ideals?

A. Unto this Last
B. Munera Pulveris
C. Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne
D. Fors Clavigera

Q9. Which of the following is a book by Ruskin containing his general ethical teachings?

A. Sesame and Lilies
B. The Stones of Venice
C. Salsette and Elephanta
D. Modern Painters

Q10. To what did Ruskin devote most of his time and energy in his later life?

A. Writing fiction
B. History and theory of art exclusively
C. Social propaganda
D. Running a wine business

▶ Page 235 - John Ruskin's Aesthetics and Philosophy

Q1. Where did Ruskin spend the closing years of his life in failing health?

A. Ecclefechan
B. Coniston Water, in the Lake District
C. Craigenputtoch
D. London

Q2. Ruskin's aesthetic doctrine rests ultimately on what kind of foundations?

A. Economic
B. Political
C. Moral
D. Scientific

Q3. According to Ruskin, a nation can produce true art only if it is inspired by noble national aims and lives what kind of life?

A. A pure, righteous, and happy life
B. A wealthy and comfortable life
C. A politically democratic life
D. A highly educated life

Q4. What did Ruskin believe was necessary before any revival of art was possible in England?

A. Better art schools
B. An entire change of heart (social purification)
C. Government funding for artists
D. A return to classical ideals

Q5. Ruskin's basic moral principle states that all great art is the expression of an art-gift by a what?

A. pure soul
B. trained mind
C. wealthy patron
D. romantic spirit

Q6. In emphasizing a constant, direct study of nature in art, whose lead was Ruskin following in poetry?

A. Byron's
B. Shelley's
C. Wordsworth's
D. Keats's

Q7. What group of artists did Ruskin's philosophy specially inspire to go straight to nature?

A. The Impressionists
B. The Romanticists
C. The Pre-Raphaelites
D. The Neo-Classicists

Q8. Ruskin was an eloquent advocate of the claims of which type of art over classic (or pagan) art?

A. Renaissance art
B. Baroque art
C. Gothic (or Christian) art
D. Abstract art

Q9. What part of Ruskin's instructions did he emphasize artists must do when painting nature?

A. Only select the beautiful parts
B. Rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, scorning nothing
C. Focus on the abstract forms
D. Try to paint like famous masters

Q10. Ruskin's writings fall roughly into two divisions divided by which year?

A. 1850
B. 1860
C. 1870
D. 1880

▶ Page 236 - John Ruskin and Macaulay

Q1. While Ruskin's puritanism allied him to Carlyle, his strong romantic bias connected him with whom?

A. William Morris
B. Walter Scott
C. William Wordsworth
D. John Keats

Q2. How was Ruskin's social and economic teaching initially received?

A. Widely accepted as revolutionary
B. Adopted by the government
C. Ridiculed as hopelessly quixotic and absurd
D. Ignored by all critics

Q3. Ruskin's social teachings were essentially an attempt to apply the principles of what to practical life?

A. Utilitarianism
B. Christianity
C. Scientism
D. Marxism

Q4. In his denunciations of modern commercial England, Ruskin followed Carlyle's teachings and became the chief leader of whom?

A. Matthew Arnold
B. Thomas Babington Macaulay
C. William Morris
D. John Stuart Mill

Q5. Which of the following is cited as a fault in Ruskin's writing style?

A. His lack of vocabulary
B. His discursiveness and petulant manner
C. His strict adherence to traditional forms
D. His lack of moral conviction

Q6. A special feature of Ruskin's style is his marvellous power of what?

A. Logical argumentation
B. Word-painting
C. Sarcastic wit
D. Historical analysis

Q7. Who was considered by contemporary opinion to hold the first place in general prose over Carlyle and Ruskin?

A. Matthew Arnold
B. William Morris
C. Thomas Babington Macaulay
D. John Henry Newman

Q8. In what year was Thomas Babington Macaulay born?

A. 1800
B. 1819
C. 1825
D. 1834

Q9. With an essay on which figure did Macaulay open a career of extraordinary success in August 1825?

A. Shakespeare
B. Spenser
C. Milton
D. Chaucer

Q10. In what role did Macaulay serve in India from 1834 to 1838?

A. Governor-General
B. Legal adviser to the Supreme Council
C. Military Commander
D. Chief Justice

▶ Page 237 - Thomas Babington Macaulay

Q1. To what peerage was Thomas Babington Macaulay raised after many years of public life?

A. Baron Rothley
B. Baron Macaulay of Rothley
C. Earl of Rothley
D. Viscount Macaulay

Q2. What was Macaulay's chief literary work in his later years?

A. The French Revolution
B. History of England from the Accession of James II
C. History of Civilisation in England
D. The Story of my Heart

Q3. In what year were the first two volumes of Macaulay's History published?

A. 1848
B. 1855
C. 1859
D. 1834

Q4. How did the public respond to the first volumes of Macaulay's History?

A. It was largely ignored
B. It scored a success like no purely historical production had enjoyed before
C. It was heavily criticized for inaccuracy
D. It sold very few copies

Q5. In what year was the fifth and final volume of Macaulay's History issued?

A. 1855
B. 1857
C. 1859
D. 1862

Q6. Which of the following is cited as a reason for Macaulay's amazing vogue with the public?

A. His obscure and challenging philosophical ideas
B. His ability to make everything he touched interesting and animation
C. His melancholic narrative style
D. His complete rejection of materialism

Q7. How is Macaulay's temperament described?

A. Mystical and doubtful
B. Practical and positive, untroubled by doubts
C. Deeply pessimistic and sorrowful
D. Fanatically religious

Q8. What attitude did Macaulay have toward the 'happy materialism' of his age?

A. He vehemently attacked it
B. He was indifferent to it
C. He had a firm faith in it
D. He tried to reform it

Q9. What quality of Macaulay's work made it easy for readers to understand him?

A. His profound psychological insights
B. His complex symbolism
C. His shallowness in interpreting history and character
D. His mystical approach

Q10. How is Macaulay's style characterized?

A. Vague, poetic, and unstructured
B. Lucid, vivacious, hard, and epigrammatic
C. Ornate, slow-paced, and whimsical
D. Deeply mystical and emotional

▶ Page 238 - Matthew Arnold

Q1. Into what was Macaulay often led by his love of sweeping statements and striking contrasts?

A. Deep philosophical truths
B. Obscurity
C. Inaccuracy
D. Unpopularity

Q2. What did Macaulay arguably achieve more than any other writer through his essays?

A. Popularizing a taste for literature
B. Ending industrial capitalism
C. Reforming the English political system
D. Reviving Gothic architecture

Q3. Who was Matthew Arnold's father?

A. John Arnold, a famous physician
B. Thomas Arnold, the famous headmaster of Rugby
C. William Arnold, a noted historian
D. Richard Arnold, a prominent politician

Q4. What academic position did Matthew Arnold hold at Oxford from 1857 to 1867?

A. Chair of History
B. Chair of Poetry
C. Chair of Theology
D. Regius Professor of Literature

Q5. In what capacity did Matthew Arnold work hard from 1855 until near his death?

A. A lay inspector of schools
B. A member of Parliament
C. A legal adviser
D. A professor at Cambridge

Q6. Into what two natural divisions does Arnold's prose fall?

A. History and biography
B. Literature and life
C. Philosophy and science
D. Art and economics

Q7. How did Arnold essentially regard literature?

A. As purely aesthetic entertainment
B. As a 'criticism of life'
C. As a historical record
D. As an escape from reality

Q8. How did Arnold define criticism in practice?

A. A biased attempt to promote English writers
B. A disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world
C. A method to critique purely the formal structure of poetry
D. A way to tear down established traditions

Q9. What was Arnold's task as a critic of life in works like Culture and Anarchy?

A. To promote materialism
B. To break down the 'hard unintelligence' and enlarge the moral horizon of the English public
C. To encourage scientific exploration
D. To defend classical economics

Q10. In Literature and Dogma, Arnold undertook to reconstruct essential Christianity on what basis?

A. Strict dogma
B. Pure naturalism
C. Mystical revelation
D. Traditional orthodoxy

▶ Page 239 - Other Prose Writers (History)

Q1. What extraordinary gift did Matthew Arnold have in his prose writing?

A. Creating complex philosophical systems
B. Crystallising his ideas in telling and memorable phrases
C. Writing highly elaborated and artificial historical texts
D. Detailed scientific observation

Q2. Which writer attempted to explain human progress entirely by natural causes and general laws in his History of Civilisation in England?

A. Henry Thomas Buckle
B. Edward Augustus Freeman
C. James Anthony Froude
D. William Edward Hartpole Lecky

Q3. What practice did many Victorian historians adopt, partly due to Macaulay's example?

A. Writing briefly and generally over large epochs
B. Focusing entirely on ancient history
C. Writing at great length and immense detail upon relatively short periods
D. Writing fictionalized historical accounts

Q4. Who wrote the solid piece of work titled The History of the Norman Conquest?

A. James Anthony Froude
B. Samuel Rawdon Gardiner
C. Edward Augustus Freeman
D. John Richard Green

Q5. Who authored the laborious series of volumes on the period of the Stuarts and the Civil War?

A. W. E. H. Lecky
B. Samuel Rawdon Gardiner
C. J. A. Froude
D. Henry Thomas Buckle

Q6. Who wrote the History of England in the Eighteenth Century?

A. Edward Augustus Freeman
B. William Edward Hartpole Lecky
C. Samuel Rawdon Gardiner
D. John Addington Symonds

Q7. Whose Short History of the English People admirably exemplifies the method of concentration in historical writing?

A. John Richard Green
B. James Anthony Froude
C. Henry Thomas Buckle
D. Walter Horatio Pater

Q8. The strong democratic influence of the time is apparent in Green's history because it focuses on what instead of just kings and wars?

A. The Church
B. The People
C. The Nobility
D. Industrialists

Q9. Who wrote the seven volumes on The Renaissance in Italy, which serves as a link between history and aesthetic criticism?

A. Walter Horatio Pater
B. John Addington Symonds
C. John Richard Green
D. Sir Leslie Stephen

Q10. What is noted as a flaw in John Addington Symonds' work on The Renaissance in Italy?

A. Inaccuracy and lack of research
B. Prolixity and extreme floridness of diction
C. Over-reliance on materialism
D. Briefness and superficiality

▶ Page 240 - Aesthetic and Literary Criticism, Science

Q1. Who was the most important writer in aesthetic criticism after Ruskin, known for his highly elaborated, slowly produced style?

A. John Addington Symonds
B. Walter Horatio Pater
C. Algernon Charles Swinburne
D. Sir Leslie Stephen

Q2. Which of the following is a work of philosophical romance by Walter Pater?

A. Marius the Epicurean
B. Hours in a Library
C. The Story of my Heart
D. The Gamekeeper at Home

Q3. Who wrote the collection of biographical studies titled Hours in a Library?

A. James Anthony Froude
B. Sir Leslie Stephen
C. Robert Louis Stevenson
D. Walter Horatio Pater

Q4. Why is little confidence placed in Swinburne's judgment in literary criticism?

A. Because he lacked formal education
B. Because his enthusiasms and prejudices were so violent
C. Because he did not read the works he criticized
D. Because he only wrote about himself

Q5. Which novelist contributed essays such as Familiar Studies of Men and Books and Virginibus Puerisque?

A. George Eliot
B. Charles Dickens
C. Robert Louis Stevenson
D. Thomas Hardy

Q6. The popularisation of knowledge led to literature where scientific subjects were handled for whom?

A. Specialized scientists
B. The intelligent general reader
C. Young school children
D. The aristocracy

Q7. Which two famous scientists proved themselves masters in the art of luminous exposition for the general reader?

A. Darwin and Wallace
B. Tyndall and Huxley
C. Lyell and Faraday
D. Kelvin and Maxwell

Q8. Whose lectures and essays were so wide and deep in influence that he is regarded as the most dominating personality in literature after Carlyle?

A. John Henry Newman
B. John Richard Jefferies
C. Grant Allen
D. Leslie Stephen

Q9. Who wrote of nature with rare powers of observation in books like The Gamekeeper at Home and The Amateur Poacher?

A. Thomas Henry Huxley
B. Grant Allen
C. John Richard Jefferies
D. John Tyndall

Q10. What is the title of John Richard Jefferies' fascinating account of his inner experiences and development?

A. Marius the Epicurean
B. The Story of my Heart
C. Mixed Essays
D. Friendship's Garland

▶ Page 241 - The Novel in the Age of Tennyson

Q1. What form of literature became incomparably the most popular with the great and ever-increasing general reading public in the Age of Tennyson?

A. The epic poem
B. The essay
C. Prose fiction (the novel)
D. The lyric

Q2. The popularity of the novel in the Age of Tennyson can partly be explained by the principle of what?

A. Form and function
B. Supply and demand
C. Action and reaction
D. Art for art's sake

Q3. In addition to being a means of amusement, what did the novel become due to its breadth and elasticity?

A. A vehicle of ideas
B. A purely historical record
C. A form of strict poetry
D. A tool for scientists

Q4. Writers of different schools of thought used the novel to embody their what?

A. Personal diaries
B. General criticism of life
C. Political manifestos
D. Scientific theories

Q5. The novel was found to lend itself equally well to the purposes of writers having what?

A. No particular aim
B. A desire to write short poems
C. Some special thesis to expound
D. A need to record facts only

Q6. It was inevitable that the novel would come to reflect all the forces shaping what?

A. The medieval world
B. The complex modern world
C. The classical period
D. The natural environment

Q7. According to the text, what made the novel realistic?

A. The influence of classicism
B. The spread of science
C. The rise of romanticism
D. The decline of religion

Q8. The novel's prominence in the Age of Tennyson absorbed a very large part of the era's what?

A. Creative energy
B. Financial wealth
C. Political power
D. Scientific advancement

Q9. Which period's social significance of prose fiction was pointed out prior to discussing the Age of Tennyson?

A. Sixteenth century
B. Seventeenth century
C. Eighteenth century
D. Renaissance

Q10. The novel's freedom allowed each new practitioner to do what?

A. Conform to traditional rules
B. Do his own work in his own way
C. Avoid tackling contemporary issues
D. Focus exclusively on historical subjects

▶ Page 242 - The Victorian Novel

Q1. The Victorian novel is described as an index of the many-sided interests and conflicting elements of what age?

A. The Elizabethan age
B. The Romantic age
C. The Victorian age
D. The Modern age

Q2. What well-marked tendency in Victorian fiction is noted, leading to subdivision of labour and interests?

A. Generalisation
B. Specialisation
C. Romanticisation
D. Classical imitation

Q3. According to the text, the subdivision of the novel frequently followed what kinds of lines?

A. Chronological lines
B. Geographical lines (Irish, Scottish, English counties)
C. Astronomical lines
D. Strictly historical lines

Q4. It is largely through these subdividing tendencies that prose fiction has become practically coextensive with what?

A. All classical philosophy
B. All poetic forms
C. All aspects and activities of the modern world
D. Religious history only

Q5. Who are the three chief novelists of the Victorian time mentioned as the primary focus of the survey?

A. Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot
B. Austen, Scott, and Brontë
C. Hardy, Meredith, and Stevenson
D. Fielding, Smollett, and Richardson

Q6. In what year did Charles Dickens spring suddenly into fame with the Pickwick Papers?

A. 1825
B. 1832
C. 1837
D. 1845

Q7. At what age did Charles Dickens find himself the most popular of English novelists?

A. Twenty
B. Twenty-five
C. Thirty
D. Thirty-five

Q8. Charles Dickens began as a follower of the traditions of which earlier novelist, whom he had read as a child?

A. Samuel Richardson
B. Henry Fielding
C. Tobias Smollett
D. Laurence Sterne

Q9. Dickens's early novels like Pickwick and Nicholas Nickleby are described as what?

A. Tight, coherent psychological dramas
B. Bundles of adventures connected only by characters
C. Strict historical allegories
D. Highly structured tragedies

Q10. Which period's social significance of prose fiction was pointed out in earlier sections?

A. Seventeenth century
B. Eighteenth century
C. Nineteenth century
D. Renaissance

▶ Page 243 - Charles Dickens

Q1. Which of Dickens's novels is said to open his second period due to its systematic attempt at a coherent plot?

A. Pickwick Papers
B. David Copperfield
C. Bleak House
D. Oliver Twist

Q2. In what years was Bleak House published?

A. 1837-38
B. 1849-50
C. 1852-53
D. 1864-65

Q3. Despite changing his structural method, what element is still present in Dickens's later books like Little Dorrit and Great Expectations?

A. A complete absence of plot
B. A great deal of merely episodical material
C. Exclusively upper-class settings
D. Historical allegory

Q4. In what field did Dickens's great achievements in characterisation largely lie?

A. The historical and epic
B. The odd and the grotesque
C. The subtle and the realistic
D. The classical and proportional

Q5. What is admitted about Dickens's characterisation?

A. It was totally realistic
B. Character was generally heightened into caricature
C. He lacked descriptive power
D. He could not write humorous characters

Q6. To which other writer in English literature is Dickens compared in terms of creating so many men and women who have become permanent elements of humorous tradition?

A. Chaucer
B. Shakespeare
C. Milton
D. Pope

Q7. What was considered Dickens's principal fault?

A. The over-wrought quality of much of his emotion
B. A complete lack of humor
C. Insufficient vocabulary
D. His cynical view of life

Q8. What genre did Dickens love, which often became too theatrical in his work?

A. Tragedy
B. Epic poetry
C. Melodrama
D. Satire

Q9. Dickens's novels belong entirely to which movement of the Victorian era?

A. The Oxford Movement
B. The Pre-Raphaelite Movement
C. The humanitarian movement
D. The Aesthetic Movement

Q10. How is Dickens described in relation to his themes from first to last?

A. An objective historian
B. A novelist with a purpose
C. A cynical satirist
D. A romantic poet

▶ Page 244 - Dickens and Thackeray

Q1. Through his enormous popularity, what did Dickens's humanitarianism make him?

A. A wealthy aristocrat
B. One of the greatest social reformers of his age
C. A member of Parliament
D. A religious leader

Q2. Despite recognizing the many evils of the world, what attitude did Dickens maintain?

A. Profound melancholy
B. Unwavering optimism
C. Deep cynicism
D. Indifference

Q3. In contrast to Dickens's world of the lower classes, what was the world of William Makepeace Thackeray?

A. The rural peasantry
B. 'Society'—the clubs, drawing rooms, and the well-to-do
C. The industrial working class
D. The criminal underworld

Q4. What is the title of Thackeray's first really successful and most characteristic book?

A. Pendennis
B. Henry Esmond
C. Vanity Fair
D. The Newcomes

Q5. Where did the phrase 'Vanity Fair' originate?

A. The Bible
B. Pilgrim's Progress
C. Paradise Lost
D. The Faerie Queene

Q6. What is the sub-title of Vanity Fair, which points to the foundation principles of his art?

A. A Tale of Two Cities
B. A Novel without a Hero
C. A Story of English Society
D. A Satire of the Age

Q7. Thackeray was essentially a social satirist and a what?

A. Romanticist
B. Idealist
C. Realist
D. Mystic

Q8. Thackeray's attacks upon snobbery and humbug parallel the denunciations of which great moral teacher?

A. John Ruskin
B. Matthew Arnold
C. Thomas Carlyle
D. John Stuart Mill

Q9. Why did Thackeray consciously rupture with romanticism in fiction?

A. He found it too difficult to write
B. He believed it gave a totally false impression of life and did immense harm
C. He wanted to imitate French novelists
D. He thought it was too political

Q10. In reacting against the romantic tradition, what did Thackeray practically make the pith and substance of his stories?

A. Vice rather than virtue
B. Virtue rather than vice
C. Historical fact rather than fiction
D. Poetry rather than prose

▶ Page 245 - Thackeray and George Eliot

Q1. Which of Thackeray's books deals almost exclusively with the sordid and ugly aspects of life?

A. Vanity Fair
B. The Newcomes
C. Barry Lyndon
D. Henry Esmond

Q2. What element gained in prominence and importance in Thackeray's works after Vanity Fair (e.g., in Pendennis, Esmond)?

A. The good element (purity and unselfishness)
B. The supernatural element
C. The criminal element
D. The rural element

Q3. How is Thackeray's general view of existence described, in contrast with Dickens's?

A. Profoundly optimistic
B. Profoundly melancholy
C. Scientifically detached
D. Mystically joyous

Q4. What phrase states the text of Thackeray's many moralisings?

A. Carpe diem
B. Vanitas vanitatum
C. Amor vincit omnia
D. Memento mori

Q5. In what was Thackeray's interest always centred?

A. Character
B. Complex plot construction
C. Historical accuracy
D. Natural description

Q6. Which of Thackeray's novels is considered one of the very finest historical novels in the language, recreating the early eighteenth century?

A. Pendennis
B. The Virginians
C. Henry Esmond
D. Philip

Q7. What was the pen-name of Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans?

A. Currer Bell
B. George Eliot
C. Mary Ann Cotton
D. Mrs. Gaskell

Q8. In the hands of George Eliot, what did the novel become?

A. Strictly comedic
B. Moral and philosophical
C. Purely adventurous
D. Exclusively satirical

Q9. What world did George Eliot mostly depict in her novels?

A. London street life
B. The clubs of the well-to-do
C. Old-fashioned provincial life
D. Ancient classical societies

Q10. In which novel did George Eliot make an excursion into the past—a tale of the Renaissance in Florence?

A. Adam Bede
B. The Mill on the Floss
C. Silas Marner
D. Romola

▶ Page 246 - George Eliot

Q1. George Eliot's work superficially resembles that of which earlier writer in its representation of men and manners in country towns?

A. Charlotte Brontë
B. Jane Austen
C. Ann Radcliffe
D. Fanny Burney

Q2. Unlike Jane Austen, what was George Eliot concerned with beneath the surface of seemingly dull existence?

A. Political intrigue
B. Great moral struggles
C. Financial ambition
D. Artistic achievement

Q3. With her power of weaving poignant tragedy out of home-spun materials, George Eliot is described as an exponent of what movement in literature?

A. The aristocratic movement
B. The democratic movement
C. The aesthetic movement
D. The neo-classical movement

Q4. Which character's pitiful story in Adam Bede is cited as an example of George Eliot weaving tragedy out of home-spun materials?

A. Maggie Tulliver
B. Hetty Sorrel
C. Silas Marner
D. Dorothea Brooke

Q5. What distinctive philosophic element in George Eliot's work connects her with the tendencies of her age?

A. Mysticism
B. Scientific tendencies
C. Romantic idealism
D. Strict orthodoxy

Q6. What unique quality did George Eliot bring to her novels, beginning her career late in life?

A. Scholarship such as no other English writer of fiction had possessed
B. Experience as a member of Parliament
C. Training as a professional actor
D. Background as a sailor

Q7. George Eliot's novels are described not as light literature but as great what?

A. Scientific treatises
B. Essays on life
C. Historical chronicles
D. Political pamphlets

Q8. What was habitually the central theme of George Eliot's works?

A. The conflict between science and religion
B. The conflict between the higher and the lower life (duty and inclination)
C. The struggle for wealth
D. The tension between England and France

Q9. What movement in the story commonly made George Eliot's books profoundly sad?

A. The movement from poverty to wealth
B. The movement from weakness to sin and from sin to nemesis
C. The movement from youth to old age
D. The movement from ignorance to education

Q10. What tendency, which grew upon her as her creative faculty waned, proved extremely detrimental to George Eliot's posthumous fame?

A. The excessive use of dialogue
B. The excessive use of analysis and commentary
C. The total lack of structure
D. The complete reliance on historical documents

▶ Page 247 - Other Novelists of the Period

Q1. Which later novel of George Eliot is described as being almost choked by science and psychology?

A. Adam Bede
B. The Mill on the Floss
C. Middlemarch
D. Daniel Deronda

Q2. Which novelist, with no claim to rank as a literary artist, is mentioned as our raciest and most amusing novelist of the sea?

A. Captain Frederick Marryat
B. Charles Kingsley
C. Henry Kingsley
D. R. D. Blackmore

Q3. Which of the following is a novel by Captain Frederick Marryat?

A. The Cloister and the Hearth
B. Peter Simple
C. Cranford
D. Zanoni

Q4. Who wrote the sensational novel Pelham in 1828?

A. Charles Lever
B. Edward Bulwer Lytton
C. George Borrow
D. Benjamin Disraeli

Q5. Which of the following is a historical romance by Edward Bulwer Lytton?

A. Eugene Aram
B. The Last Days of Pompeii
C. The Caxtons
D. The Coming Race

Q6. How is Edward Bulwer Lytton's writing often characterized?

A. Masterpieces of poetic realism
B. Completely obscure and philosophical
C. Degenerating into meretricious glitter, marred by extravagance
D. Highly precise and deeply psychological

Q7. Who wrote the novels Henrietta Temple, Coningsby, and Tancred?

A. Benjamin Disraeli
B. Charles Reade
C. Anthony Trollope
D. Charles Lever

Q8. Which novel by Benjamin Disraeli is an exposure of abuses connected with capital and labour, belonging to the humanitarian movement?

A. Coningsby
B. Tancred
C. Sybil
D. Lavengro

Q9. Who wrote the rambling autobiographical novels Lavengro and The Romany Rye?

A. George Borrow
B. Charles Lever
C. Charles Reade
D. Mrs. Gaskell

Q10. Charles Lever is chiefly remembered today for books of rollicking Irish fun and military adventure, such as which of the following?

A. Mary Barton
B. Foul Play
C. Harry Lorrequer
D. Hard Cash

▶ Page 248 - More Novelists of the Period

Q1. With which writer is social purpose generally dominant in novels like Foul Play and Hard Cash, but whose best book is The Cloister and the Hearth?

A. Charles Kingsley
B. Charles Reade
C. Henry Kingsley
D. Wilkie Collins

Q2. Who wrote the pathetic story of factory life, Mary Barton?

A. Charlotte Brontë
B. George Eliot
C. Mrs. Gaskell
D. Jane Austen

Q3. For which quaint and charming village idyll is Mrs. Gaskell most remembered by readers today?

A. Wuthering Heights
B. Cranford
C. Barchester Towers
D. Jane Eyre

Q4. Which voluminous writer was a realist of the realists, known for his photographic pictures of early Victorian provincial life?

A. Anthony Trollope
B. Charles Reade
C. Benjamin Disraeli
D. Charles Lever

Q5. In which type of novel was Anthony Trollope at his best, as seen in The Warden and Framley Parsonage?

A. Sea adventure
B. Science fiction
C. Clerical life
D. Detective fiction

Q6. Who put an intensity of passion and frankness into the novel Jane Eyre that shocked old-fashioned people?

A. Emily Brontë
B. Anne Brontë
C. Charlotte Brontë
D. George Eliot

Q7. Which sister's chief work is considered the masterpiece Wuthering Heights?

A. Charlotte Brontë
B. Emily Brontë
C. Anne Brontë
D. Maria Brontë

Q8. Who was an enthusiastic disciple of Carlyle and an ardent social reformer who wrote Alton Locke and Yeast?

A. Charles Kingsley
B. Henry Kingsley
C. Sir Walter Besant
D. Wilkie Collins

Q9. What are Charles Kingsley's two finest works as literature, both historical novels?

A. Westward Ho and Hypatia
B. Lorna Doone and The Chaplain of the Fleet
C. Mary Barton and Cranford
D. The Woman in White and The Moonstone

Q10. Who has his standing secure in English fiction as our greatest master of sensation and plot?

A. Richard Doddridge Blackmore
B. William Wilkie Collins
C. Henry Kingsley
D. Anthony Trollope

▶ Page 249 - Late Victorian Novelists and Table

Q1. Under whose influence did Dickens reportedly change from the inorganic to the organic type of story?

A. Thackeray
B. George Eliot
C. Wilkie Collins
D. Charles Reade

Q2. Which author wrote the spirited Exmoor romance, Lorna Doone?

A. Charles Kingsley
B. Richard Doddridge Blackmore
C. Sir Walter Besant
D. Wilkie Collins

Q3. To whose school of writing may Sir Walter Besant be roughly said to belong due to his strong humanitarianism and direct social purpose?

A. Thackeray's
B. George Eliot's
C. Dickens's
D. Scott's

Q4. Which of the following is a capital eighteenth-century story by Sir Walter Besant?

A. The Chaplain of the Fleet
B. All Sorts and Conditions of Men
C. Children of Gibeon
D. Foul Play

Q5. Although never widely popular, who is now acknowledged as one of the greatest English writers of fiction, author of The Ordeal of Richard Feverel?

A. George Meredith
B. Robert Louis Stevenson
C. Wilkie Collins
D. Anthony Trollope

Q6. Which novelist perhaps more than any other man of his generation led the way from realism back to romance?

A. George Meredith
B. Robert Louis Stevenson
C. Thomas Hardy
D. Sir Walter Besant

Q7. Which of the following is considered hall-marked for immortality and written by Robert Louis Stevenson?

A. The Egoist
B. Treasure Island
C. Lorna Doone
D. Hard Cash

Q8. Together with whom did Stevenson carry on the finest traditions of fiction till well on towards the end of the Victorian period?

A. George Meredith
B. Charles Dickens
C. William Makepeace Thackeray
D. Thomas Hardy

Q9. In the Table of the Age of Tennyson, in what year is Tennyson's Poems recorded?

A. 1827
B. 1833
C. 1837
D. 1845

Q10. According to the Table, when did Dickens's Pickwick Papers appear?

A. 1833
B. 1837
C. 1843
D. 1847

▶ Page 250 - Table of the Age of Tennyson

Q1. In what years was Thackeray's Vanity Fair published according to the Table?

A. 1837-38
B. 1843
C. 1847-48
D. 1850

Q2. What year was Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre published according to the Table?

A. 1845
B. 1847
C. 1850
D. 1852

Q3. According to the Table, in what year did Macaulay's History begin its publication?

A. 1843
B. 1848
C. 1857
D. 1860

Q4. Who published Alton Locke in 1850 according to the Table?

A. George Eliot
B. Charles Kingsley
C. Elizabeth Barrett Browning
D. Matthew Arnold

Q5. When was Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh published according to the Table?

A. 1847
B. 1850
C. 1856
D. 1859

Q6. What work of George Eliot's is listed in the Table for the year 1859?

A. Clerical Life
B. Adam Bede
C. Silas Marner
D. Middlemarch

Q7. What work of George Meredith's is listed for the year 1859?

A. The Egoist
B. Richard Feverel
C. Treasure Island
D. Kidnapped

Q8. According to the Table, Swinburne's Poems and Ballads were published in what year?

A. 1865
B. 1866
C. 1868
D. 1870

Q9. Who is recorded as dying in 1880 in the Table?

A. Thackeray
B. Dickens
C. George Eliot
D. Carlyle

Q10. What book did Stevenson publish in 1881 according to the Table?

A. Treasure Island
B. Kidnapped
C. Virginibus Puerisque
D. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

▶ Page 251 - Table of the Age of Tennyson (Contd.)

Q1. According to the Table of the Age of Tennyson, in what year did Thomas Carlyle die?

A. 1880
B. 1881
C. 1882
D. 1888

Q2. In what year did Dante Gabriel Rossetti die according to the Table?

A. 1881
B. 1882
C. 1888
D. 1890

Q3. According to the Table, in what year did Anthony Trollope die?

A. 1880
B. 1881
C. 1882
D. 1889

Q4. In what year did Matthew Arnold die according to the Table?

A. 1882
B. 1888
C. 1889
D. 1892

Q5. According to the Table, in what year did Robert Browning die?

A. 1882
B. 1888
C. 1889
D. 1892

Q6. In what year did Alfred, Lord Tennyson die according to the Table?

A. 1889
B. 1892
C. 1894
D. 1900

Q7. Who is recorded in the Table as dying in 1894?

A. Robert Browning
B. Alfred, Lord Tennyson
C. Robert Louis Stevenson
D. John Ruskin

Q8. Who is recorded as the last prominent figure to die in the Table, in the year 1900?

A. George Meredith
B. John Ruskin
C. Algernon Charles Swinburne
D. Thomas Hardy

Q9. Which two subsequent chapters are referenced at the bottom of the page in a footnote?

A. Chapters XX and XXI
B. Chapters XXIII and XXIV
C. Chapters XXV and XXVI
D. Chapters XXVII and XXVIII

Q10. The table chronologically groups major works into which three categories?

A. Verse, General Prose, The Novel
B. Drama, Poetry, Essay
C. History, Fiction, Criticism
D. Romance, Realism, Science

▶ Page 252 - Epilogue to the Victorian Age

Q1. What event in 1887 is taken as a convenient landmark to denote the virtual end of the Age of Tennyson?

A. The death of Robert Browning
B. The first jubilee of Queen Victoria
C. The publication of The Yellow Book
D. The death of Thomas Carlyle

Q2. At the death of Tennyson in 1892, what kind of personality remained to interpret the sentiments of the British nation?

A. A new group of romantic poets
B. Oscar Wilde
C. No dominant personality remained
D. Thomas Hardy

Q3. Whose idea of human diversity and complexity attracted the younger generation more than Tennyson's simplicity and unity?

A. Browning's
B. Arnold's
C. Swinburne's
D. Pater's

Q4. According to the text, what was dead regarding the old hope in the discovery of One Universal Truth?

A. Religion
B. Philosophy
C. Dogma
D. Science

Q5. The apparently solid foundations that had sustained the Victorian Age began to what?

A. Strengthen
B. Crumble
C. Evolve
D. Multiply

Q6. What vastly extended the bounds of thought, speculation, and man's control over Nature in the Victorian Age?

A. Politicians and philosophers
B. Scientists and inventors
C. Priests and ministers
D. Painters and musicians

Q7. What was the Age of Hardy period assigned in the text?

A. 1887-1928
B. 1860-1890
C. 1900-1930
D. 1850-1900

Q8. How did the Victorian achievement fare when stripped of meretricious glitter?

A. It was diminished
B. It was forgotten
C. It was heightened, not dimmed
D. It was considered shallow

Q9. What effect did the enlargement of boundaries have on an influential section of Victorian people?

A. It made them humble
B. It bred a dangerous sense of self-sovereignty and illimitable attainment
C. It caused widespread panic
D. It led to a return to asceticism

Q10. Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 was described as a proud display of what?

A. Military might alone
B. Religious devotion
C. Pageantry and magniloquence
D. Scientific achievement

▶ Page 253 - The Eighteen-Nineties and the Decadents

Q1. The period of the Victorian Age at its high noon was second only to which other age?

A. The Augustan Age
B. The Romantic Age
C. The Elizabethan Age
D. The Restoration Age

Q2. According to the text, what is the first lesson of history regarding greatness?

A. Greatness is permanent
B. Greatness is periodic
C. Greatness is illusion
D. Greatness is constantly increasing

Q3. In periods of relaxation following greatness, what do the 'little geniuses' commonly do?

A. Create a completely new tradition
B. Either imitate slavishly or revolt arrogantly
C. Establish new golden ages
D. Write exclusively in prose

Q4. Although the forty years between 1887 and 1928 are called the Age of Hardy, was Hardy a modernist or a spiritual director during that time?

A. Yes, he was the primary modernist leader
B. No, he was no modernist, though admired as an exceptional genius
C. Yes, he founded the decadent movement
D. No, he completely rejected all literature of his time

Q5. In the last decade of the century, a new group of authors set out to demonstrate that all art is what?

A. Useful
B. Moral
C. Useless (in the sense of being free from morality)
D. Political

Q6. Who was the foremost of this group (the decadents) in the 1890s?

A. Walter Pater
B. Oscar Wilde
C. Arthur Symons
D. Aubrey Beardsley

Q7. Whose theories attracted Oscar Wilde and who found himself the reluctant mentor of the Aesthetic Movement?

A. John Ruskin
B. Walter Pater
C. Matthew Arnold
D. Thomas Carlyle

Q8. In which book did Walter Pater suggest a tentative philosophy of life arising from cultivating moments of exquisite passion?

A. The Renaissance
B. Marius the Epicurean
C. Imaginary Portraits
D. Intentions

Q9. According to Pater's essay, what is the end, rather than the fruit of experience?

A. Abstract morality
B. Religious devotion
C. Experience itself
D. Political system

Q10. To Pater himself, this philosophy amounted to little more than an interesting intellectual conception; what did it develop into for the young 'decadents'?

A. The pursuit of pure sensation divorced from moral control
B. A strict religious revival
C. A new political party
D. A focus on industrial design

▶ Page 254 - Oscar Wilde

Q1. What event in 1895 prevented a balanced appreciation of Oscar Wilde's work at the time?

A. His sudden death
B. His exile to France
C. His arrest, trial, and sentence to Reading Gaol
D. His winning of the Nobel Prize

Q2. What series of dialogues on literature and the arts features Wilde's polished and jewelled prose?

A. The Renaissance
B. De Profundis
C. Intentions
D. The Importance of Being Earnest

Q3. Which play by Wilde is described as a comedy of manners on a level with Sheridan's best?

A. The Happy Prince
B. Intentions
C. The Importance of Being Earnest
D. The Ballad of Reading Gaol

Q4. What blemishes Wilde's fairy tales according to the text?

A. Poor grammar
B. Sophistication and heavy-lidded world-weariness below the surface
C. Complete lack of imagination
D. Overt political propaganda

Q5. Which two works are described as affecting but neither touching the absolute depths of sincerity?

A. Intentions and The Happy Prince
B. De Profundis and The Ballad of Reading Gaol
C. The Importance of Being Earnest and Salome
D. The Picture of Dorian Gray and Lady Windermere's Fan

Q6. What does the text say Oscar Wilde was incapable of?

A. Writing witty dialogue
B. Absolute sincerity and simplicity
C. Entertaining an audience
D. Understanding French literature

Q7. What was Oscar Wilde always doing, even in his agony?

A. Praying
B. Posturing
C. Laughing
D. Singing

Q8. Who was Oscar Wilde variously represented as following his trial?

A. A genius and a prophet
B. A satyr and a martyr
C. A hero and a saint
D. A politician and a philosopher

Q9. The decadents absurdly considered it an obligation to be familiar with subjects like what?

A. Science and industry
B. Lying, poison, and masks
C. Agriculture and farming
D. Theology and dogma

Q10. What prevented the most intimate display of Wilde's bleeding heart from carrying the conviction of sincerity?

A. His lack of vocabulary
B. That something of Byron which lived in him
C. His focus on comedy
D. His reliance on Pater's philosophy

▶ Page 255 - Other Decadents and Hardy's Origins

Q1. Who were the artists whose drawings and paintings gave the 1890s a striking part of its typical character?

A. Ruskin and Turner
B. Aubrey Beardsley and Charles Conder
C. Hunt and Millais
D. Rossetti and Morris

Q2. Which poet employed the 'décor of the town' and celebrated hectic passions using a symbolistic style based on French poetry?

A. Lionel Johnson
B. Ernest Dowson
C. Arthur Symons
D. John Davidson

Q3. Which true poet was on the fringe of the decadent movement but free from its hotter extravagances?

A. Ernest Dowson
B. Arthur Symons
C. Lionel Johnson
D. Oscar Wilde

Q4. Who wrote a sequence of four long poems ending with The Testament of John Davidson?

A. Ernest Dowson
B. John Davidson
C. Lionel Johnson
D. Arthur Symons

Q5. What do Davidson's Testaments display less of when seen from a distance in time?

A. Deep thought (displaying instead feverish personal preoccupation)
B. Rhythmic structure
C. Political satire
D. Religious devotion

Q6. Which two periodicals were founded for the publication of writings and pictures in the mode of the nineties?

A. The Edinburgh Review and The Quarterly
B. The Yellow Book and The Savoy
C. The Tatler and The Spectator
D. The Cornhill and Macmillan's

Q7. Where are the chief signs of an organized anti-Victorian movement seen?

A. In the works of the Pre-Raphaelites
B. In the works of the decadents
C. In the novels of Dickens
D. In the poetry of Tennyson

Q8. In whose works was there from the beginning an implied disagreement with current conventions, apart from Samuel Butler?

A. Thomas Hardy
B. George Meredith
C. Robert Louis Stevenson
D. Anthony Trollope

Q9. Who wrote Erewhon (1872) and The Way of All Flesh?

A. Thomas Hardy
B. Samuel Butler
C. Oscar Wilde
D. Walter Pater

Q10. Where did Thomas Hardy pass most of his life?

A. Near Dorchester
B. In London
C. In Scotland
D. In Ireland

▶ Page 256 - Thomas Hardy's Novels

Q1. What was Thomas Hardy's early training, which gave him intimate knowledge of local churches utilized in his writings?

A. A lawyer
B. A doctor
C. An architect
D. A teacher

Q2. What ancient name did Hardy place permanently on the literary map to represent Dorset and the contiguous counties?

A. Mercia
B. Wessex
C. Northumbria
D. East Anglia

Q3. As a writer, what is Hardy described as being?

A. A natural historian
B. A living paradox (a natural poet who wrote much poetry in prose)
C. A pure decadent
D. A strict classicist

Q4. Hardy's genius is described as entirely what?

A. Sculpturesque
B. Musical
C. Painterly
D. Theatrical

Q5. What does the text say cannot be induced from granite chips (except by a miracle)?

A. Epics
B. Novels
C. Lyrics
D. Dramas

Q6. What is held in right proportion and perspective in most of Hardy's novels, balanced by massivity of scene and unquenchable courage?

A. Political satire
B. Comedy of manners
C. His emphasis upon the human tragedy
D. Scientific analysis

Q7. Which chapter of Tess of the D'Urbervilles outraged the religious conscience of 1891 and offends the aesthetic conscience today?

A. The first chapter
B. The middle chapter
C. The last chapter
D. The prologue

Q8. What happens when an artist says more than exactly enough, according to the text?

A. A failure in artistry
B. A masterpiece is created
C. A philosophical triumph
D. A new genre is born

Q9. Which novel was Hardy's last, described as fatally injured by ruthlessness?

A. Jude the Obscure
B. The Mayor of Casterbridge
C. Far from the Madding Crowd
D. The Return of the Native

Q10. What are Sue and Jude never permitted to escape in Jude the Obscure?

A. Poverty
B. The shadowing hand of malignant fate
C. The police
D. Religious persecution

▶ Page 257 - Thomas Hardy's Genius

Q1. What prevents Jude the Obscure from being the greatest of Hardy's novels according to the text?

A. Its lack of detailed character descriptions
B. The characters' lack of spiritual resilience and inability to stand erect and hit destiny full in the face
C. Its setting outside of Wessex
D. The complete lack of humor

Q2. What advice did George Meredith give the young Thomas Hardy regarding his first unpublished novel?

A. To focus more on poetry
B. To give more attention to plot
C. To abandon rural settings
D. To write shorter novels

Q3. What negative consequence arose from Hardy taking Meredith's advice too literally?

A. His characters became one-dimensional
B. He ceased writing descriptions of nature
C. He often disregarded probability and trusted overmuch in coincidence
D. His dialogue became stilted

Q4. Hardy's power to suggest immensity of place was unique; what is described as the dour vastness in The Return of the Native?

A. Blackmoor Vale
B. Egdon Heath
C. The Woodlanders
D. Exmoor

Q5. On Egdon Heath, how are the men and women portrayed in relation to the Heath?

A. As giants mastering their environment
B. As pigmies, while the Heath itself is the demon moulding their lives
C. As completely independent of the landscape
D. As supernatural beings

Q6. In the use of what element does Hardy bear comparison with the great figures in world literature, though falling short by pursuing it past natural limits?

A. Comedy
B. Epic verse
C. Tragedy
D. Political satire

Q7. However, in the use of what is Hardy unsurpassed, as seen in Tess's christening of her child?

A. Pathos (the exquisite handling of sorrow)
B. Sarcasm
C. Historical accuracy
D. Picaresque adventure

Q8. Hardy was painfully dissatisfied with the age in which he lived and was homesick for what?

A. The future utopia
B. The past of England before education and culture overlaid strong roots
C. The Renaissance period
D. Ancient Greece

Q9. What did Hardy suspect the effect of modern civilization was on people with stout hearts and clear heads?

A. To improve them immensely
B. To decivilize and weaken them
C. To make them deeply religious
D. To turn them into artists

Q10. What is constantly at war in Hardy's books, where those who feel the alienating touch of school-bred refinement are never happy?

A. The upper class and the lower class
B. Ancient and modern
C. Men and women
D. England and France

▶ Page 258 - Hardy's Philosophy and The Dynasts

Q1. Beneath the Christian veneer in Wessex, Hardy thought gratefully of the lingering presence of what?

A. Roman Catholicism
B. Simple paganism
C. Protestant work ethic
D. Stoic philosophy

Q2. What did Wessex signify as a symbol in relation to Hardy's whole work?

A. A noble antiquity making mute protest against invading aggressive modernity
B. The triumph of industrial progress
C. A completely fictional fantasy land
D. A model for future urban development

Q3. Resenting the animosity stirred by Tess and Jude, what did Hardy abandon in 1896?

A. Poetry
B. Architecture
C. Novel-writing
D. Living in Wessex

Q4. Which 1898 collection included Hardy's poem 'Hap', showing his unchanging idea of the ordering of the universe?

A. The Dynasts
B. Wessex Poems
C. The Return of the Native
D. Poems of the Past and the Present

Q5. In what massive work did Hardy's idea of the universe reach its final expression?

A. The Dynasts
B. Jude the Obscure
C. The Way of All Flesh
D. The Testament of Beauty

Q6. What did Hardy believe was behind human destiny instead of an active intelligence or loving God?

A. A council of gods
B. Purely human agency
C. An unconscious mechanical force, sightless, dumb, and mindless
D. A benevolent nature spirit

Q7. What is the blind and senseless force called in The Dynasts that might one day 'fashion all things fair'?

A. The Absolute
B. The Immanent Will
C. The Great Spirit
D. The Prime Mover

Q8. What historical event is the subject of The Dynasts, an epic-drama completed in 1908?

A. The English Civil War
B. The Norman Conquest
C. The Napoleonic wars
D. The Crimean War

Q9. What two traditional forms did Hardy adapt and combine to produce a new and original form in The Dynasts?

A. The lyric and the essay
B. The epic and the drama
C. The novel and the sermon
D. The sonnet and the tragedy

Q10. What replaces extended passages of narrative verse in The Dynasts to fill the spaces between scenes?

A. Blank verse monologues
B. Prose historical summaries
C. Vivid 'stage-directions'
D. Choral odes

▶ Page 259 - Poets of the Transition (1892-1913)

Q1. How did Hardy feel toward the suffering caused by the clash of dynasts?

A. He was indifferent
B. He had terribly acute pity and agonized in the agony of others
C. He thought it was necessary for progress
D. He viewed it strictly as a historian

Q2. What protective skin was Hardy never able to cultivate?

A. The skin of semi-apologetic callousness that insulates against participation in the world's misery
B. A sense of humor
C. Literary confidence
D. Political allegiance

Q3. Four years after Tennyson's death, upon whom did the laureateship decline?

A. William Watson
B. Alfred Austin
C. W. E. Henley
D. Rudyard Kipling

Q4. How is Alfred Austin described in the text?

A. A major philosophical poet
B. A brilliant satirist
C. A political journalist capable of little more than sentimental balderdash in verse
D. The voice of a new generation

Q5. What were the keywords for the first group of poets in the transition period (1892-1913)?

A. Art and beauty
B. Patriotism and imperialism
C. Decadence and symbolism
D. Science and progress

Q6. Which editor and critic fostered the talent of young writers in the Scots Observer and National Observer?

A. William Watson
B. W. E. Henley
C. Alfred Austin
D. Robert Bridges

Q7. For which poem, a piece of spectacular fist-shaking against heaven, is W. E. Henley more widely admired?

A. The Purple East
B. Invictus
C. Wordsworth's Grave
D. For England's Sake

Q8. Who would have justified the poet laureate's function with dignity had he been appointed to succeed Tennyson?

A. W. E. Henley
B. Alfred Noyes
C. William Watson
D. Alfred Austin

Q9. Which of the following is an elegy written by William Watson on the death of Tennyson?

A. Lyra Heroica
B. The Purple East
C. Lachrymae Musarum
D. In Memoriam

Q10. What did William Watson's patriotic lyrics and occasional poems generally show, except when indignation betrayed him?

A. A sense of order and proportion
B. Absolute chaos
C. Free verse experimentation
D. Deep philosophical pessimism

▶ Page 260 - Kipling, Noyes, and Thompson

Q1. Opinions on whose verse are described as still being in a fluid state, with some accounting him impressive and others exasperated?

A. W. E. Henley
B. Rudyard Kipling
C. Alfred Noyes
D. William Watson

Q2. What impression do Kipling's soldier tales and poems succeed in giving?

A. A strictly cynical view of war
B. Precisely the modestly heroic impression of the British soldier that the nation loved
C. A highly romanticized fantasy
D. An intellectual critique of imperialism

Q3. Which poet, born in 1880, provides immediate pleasure with tunefulness and pictorial emphasis, though some question his permanence?

A. Alfred Noyes
B. Robert Bridges
C. Francis Thompson
D. A. E. Housman

Q4. Which three poets of this transition period are said to stand apart from the rest?

A. Henley, Watson, and Kipling
B. Thompson, Housman, and Bridges
C. Wilde, Symons, and Dowson
D. Austin, Noyes, and Davidson

Q5. Which poet's life was a tangled comi-tragedy of invertebrate will, drugs, penury, and imaginative splendour?

A. A. E. Housman
B. Francis Thompson
C. Robert Bridges
D. Ernest Dowson

Q6. Who rescued Francis Thompson from match-selling in the London gutters?

A. Oscar Wilde
B. Wilfrid and Alice Meynell
C. Thomas Hardy
D. Robert Bridges

Q7. Which famous poem by Francis Thompson is unique for its metaphysical import and magnificently opulent diction?

A. A Shropshire Lad
B. The Hound of Heaven
C. The Testament of Beauty
D. Ode to the Setting Sun

Q8. What does The Hound of Heaven reveal incandescently?

A. The implacable pursuing love of God
B. The inevitability of death
C. The beauty of nature
D. The terror of the French Revolution

Q9. What caused Francis Thompson to use words in a manner that gives them the effect of gorgeous vestments at a solemn ritual?

A. His modernism
B. His classicism
C. His medievalism
D. His romanticism

Q10. In other moods, how could Francis Thompson write without relaxing emotional intensity?

A. Delicately simple (as in some poems on children)
B. Harshly satirical
C. Deeply pessimistic
D. Strictly narrative

▶ Page 261 - Housman and Bridges

Q1. Which poet published only two small books of verse, A Shropshire Lad and Last Poems?

A. Robert Bridges
B. Francis Thompson
C. A. E. Housman
D. W. E. Henley

Q2. What characterizes A. E. Housman's philosophic stance in his poetry?

A. Joyous optimism
B. Adamantine fortitude of philosophic pessimism
C. Christian mysticism
D. Scientific materialism

Q3. Housman's art consisted in that most difficult of literary exercises, described as what?

A. Ruthless pruning without denuding
B. Writing epic poetry in prose
C. Creating complex symbolic systems
D. Writing without any emotional content

Q4. What did Housman's philosophy encourage the utter abandonment of?

A. Classical form
B. Hope and self-pity, substituting nothing but endurance
C. Rural imagery
D. Metrical regularity

Q5. Housman is the distinction of being the first English poet of importance to shed religious belief without being what?

A. Proud of himself or sorry for himself
B. Attacked by critics
C. Involved in politics
D. Sent to prison

Q6. What profession did Robert Bridges practice until he was nearly forty?

A. Lawyer
B. Architect
C. Surgeon
D. Soldier

Q7. Between 1885 and 1905, what did Robert Bridges write that were entirely neglected by the theatres?

A. Epics
B. Novels
C. Verse-dramas and masques
D. Political pamphlets

Q8. In what year was Robert Bridges appointed Poet Laureate?

A. 1892
B. 1905
C. 1913
D. 1929

Q9. What lengthy philosophical poem did Bridges publish at the end of 1929?

A. The Testament of Beauty
B. The Growth of Love
C. Eros and Psyche
D. The Dynasts

Q10. How was The Testament of Beauty received, despite being much more difficult than his earlier poems?

A. It was largely ignored
B. It was received with general admiration
C. It was heavily criticized for its form
D. It was banned

▶ Page 262 - Bridges and the Poetry Revival

Q1. A legend grew up that Bridges' poetry is passionless. How does the text respond to this?

A. It entirely agrees with the legend
B. It states that his poetry is not passionless, though it does not throb with undisciplined emotion
C. It suggests his poetry is only passionate in his earlier works
D. It claims his poetry is overly emotional

Q2. What did Robert Bridges always seek to naturalize in English poetry as an experimenter?

A. Blank verse
B. Classical metres
C. The sonnet form
D. The French ballade

Q3. What 'loose' metric form did Bridges invent and use in The Testament of Beauty?

A. Loose hexameters
B. Loose alexandrines
C. Loose octameters
D. Loose decasyllabics

Q4. Why would Bridges have been more popular according to the text?

A. If he had written more plays
B. If he had had an obvious message for his generation
C. If he had written novels instead
D. If he had died younger

Q5. Bridges' succession to the laureateship in 1913 coincided with an effort by young poets to popularize what?

A. Contemporary poetry
B. Drama
C. Epic poetry
D. American literature

Q6. Which anthology of new verse was issued in the autumn of 1913, starting a boom in poetry?

A. Lyrical Ballads
B. Georgian Poetry
C. Poems of Today
D. The Golden Treasury

Q7. Who was largely enterprising this 1913 anthology of new verse, along with editor Edward Marsh?

A. Rupert Brooke
B. Siegfried Sassoon
C. John Masefield
D. Julian Grenfell

Q8. What event gave the boom in poetry a further impetus by providing an outlet for unusually insistent emotions?

A. The Great Depression
B. The first World War
C. The Boer War
D. The death of Queen Victoria

Q9. On which island was Rupert Brooke flung into a premature grave during the war?

A. Malta
B. Skyros
C. Crete
D. Cyprus

Q10. Which poet is singled out as giving the most sincere expression to courageous idealism in his poem 'Into Battle'?

A. Rupert Brooke
B. Siegfried Sassoon
C. Julian Grenfell
D. Ralph Hodgson

▶ Page 263 - Georgian Poets and Transition Dramatists

Q1. Which poet began the 'war of the fountain pen against the machine gun' in works like Counter Attack?

A. Julian Grenfell
B. Siegfried Sassoon
C. Rupert Brooke
D. John Masefield

Q2. Ralph Hodgson's poems, such as The Bull and The Song of Honour, are remarkable for what?

A. Political satire and comedy
B. Strength, imaginative force, subtle music, and masterly concentration
C. Detailed historical narratives
D. Free verse experimentation

Q3. Who was Robert Bridges' successor as Poet Laureate?

A. Rupert Brooke
B. John Masefield
C. W. B. Yeats
D. A. E. Housman

Q4. What type of diction and fervour did John Masefield combine in his narrative poems after passing from sea songs?

A. A rough vigour of diction with religious fervour
B. Polished classical diction with atheism
C. Highly scientific terminology with romanticism
D. Strictly comedic dialogue with tragedy

Q5. In Reynard the Fox, the accurate adjustment of the metrical movement is managed to match what?

A. The rhythm of a sailing ship
B. The beat of the horses' hoofs and the increasing exhaustion of the fox
C. The marching of soldiers
D. The ticking of a clock

Q6. Which of Masefield's poems preludes the tremendous tragedy of the War with a moving sense of still loveliness over the English countryside?

A. The Everlasting Mercy
B. Dauber
C. August 1914
D. Biography

Q7. Whose work in stage naturalism in the eighteen-sixties prepared the way for Pinero and Jones?

A. T. W. Robertson
B. Bernard Shaw
C. Oscar Wilde
D. Henrik Ibsen

Q8. What type of play did A. W. Pinero and Henry Arthur Jones popularize in the eighties and nineties?

A. The poetic drama
B. The problem play
C. The farce
D. The historical pageant

Q9. Which of the following is true about Pinero and Jones as playwrights?

A. They were amateurish and lacked skill
B. They were unusually accomplished dramatic craftsmen (efficient)
C. They only wrote comedies of manners
D. They rejected all traditional theatrical forms

Q10. In Henry Arthur Jones's play Mrs. Dane's Defence, what is described as being in substance wholly artificial, yet managed with genius?

A. The opening monologue
B. The interrogation of Felicia Hindmarsh by Sir Daniel Carteret
C. The comedic subplot
D. The tragic ending

▶ Page 264 - George Bernard Shaw

Q1. According to the text, what did the 'efficient' dramatists (creators of 'the well-made play') neglect to take into the theatre?

A. Comedy
B. Life
C. Scenery
D. Music

Q2. Who brought about a revolution in the drama by hauling Life unceremoniously into the theatre?

A. A. W. Pinero
B. Henry Arthur Jones
C. Bernard Shaw
D. J. M. Barrie

Q3. In what traditional almost-penniless condition did Shaw come to London in 1876?

A. From Edinburgh
B. From Dublin
C. From Cardiff
D. From Paris

Q4. What passion drove Shaw to impose himself upon the theatre?

A. A desire for wealth
B. A moral passion for the establishment of righteousness in social relationships
C. A passion for classical literature
D. A love of acting

Q5. When Shaw dragged Life into the theatre, his plays began to talk about what?

A. Kings and queens
B. Housing conditions, religion, finance, prostitution
C. Pure romantic fantasies
D. Abstract aesthetics

Q6. What did the stage become by Shaw's contrivance?

A. A museum of antiquities
B. The ventilating shaft of modern civilisation
C. A purely aesthetic space
D. A place for religious worship

Q7. Between Widowers' Houses and Candida, how did Shaw develop?

A. From a propagandist to a playwright dealing with real problems and nearly-real people
B. From a realist to a romancer
C. From a comedian to a tragedian
D. From a poet to a novelist

Q8. In Man and Superman, what philosophic idea did Shaw present?

A. The Death Drive
B. The Life Force
C. The Absolute Spirit
D. The Categorical Imperative

Q9. According to Man and Superman, what is the purpose of the Life Force?

A. To destroy the world
B. To energize man to produce a higher type of creature, the Superman
C. To maintain the status quo
D. To return to nature

Q10. Faced with man's inertia, who does the Life Force select as the more willing instrument in evolving the Superman?

A. Children
B. Woman
C. The government
D. Scientists

▶ Page 265 - Shaw (Contd.) and Irish Drama

Q1. In which play did Shaw's conception of a Life Force merge into his larger theory of Creative Evolution?

A. Heartbreak House
B. Saint Joan
C. Back to Methuselah
D. The Doctor's Dilemma

Q2. As a dramatist, Shaw's unmatched abilities lay in his combination of effervescing wit and what?

A. Melancholic despair
B. Strong commonsense
C. Mystical poetry
D. Tragic pacing

Q3. Which of Shaw's works comes nearest to the general idea of what a good play should be?

A. Back to Methuselah
B. Man and Superman
C. Saint Joan
D. Widowers' Houses

Q4. Which of Shaw's plays is noted for its prophetic vision?

A. Candida
B. You Never Can Tell
C. Saint Joan
D. Heartbreak House

Q5. For roughly ten years up to 1899, who strove to bring into existence an Irish National Theatre?

A. J. M. Synge
B. Sean O'Casey
C. William Butler Yeats
D. George William Russell

Q6. Which of the following is a notable poetic play contributed by W. B. Yeats?

A. Deirdre
B. The Countess Cathleen
C. Riders to the Sea
D. Juno and the Paycock

Q7. Writing under the pseudonym 'A.E.', who became an honoured figure as poet, dramatist, and agricultural reformer?

A. W. B. Yeats
B. George William Russell
C. J. M. Synge
D. Lady Gregory

Q8. The Irish National Theatre was housed at which theatre in Dublin?

A. The Globe Theatre
B. The Abbey Theatre
C. The Gate Theatre
D. The Lyric Theatre

Q9. Who was the chief of the capable body of new dramatists in the first period of the Irish National Theatre?

A. Sean O'Casey
B. Lady Gregory
C. J. M. Synge
D. W. B. Yeats

Q10. Which of the following plays was written by J. M. Synge?

A. The Land of Heart's Desire
B. The Playboy of the Western World
C. The Silver Tassie
D. Juno and the Paycock

▶ Page 266 - Irish Drama (Contd.) and Barrie

Q1. Who was acclaimed for two plays of contemporary town life in Ireland: Juno and the Paycock (1925) and The Plough and the Stars (1926)?

A. J. M. Synge
B. Sean O'Casey
C. Lady Gregory
D. W. B. Yeats

Q2. Which of Sean O'Casey's plays are described as less comprehensible experimental pieces?

A. Juno and the Paycock
B. Riders to the Sea
C. The Silver Tassie and Within the Gates
D. Seven Short Plays

Q3. Who contributed a succession of uncommonly well-observed little plays of modern Irish life and character, such as Seven Short Plays?

A. Miss A. E. F. Horniman
B. Lady Gregory
C. Sean O'Casey
D. George William Russell

Q4. Who wrote the history of the modern Irish drama in Our Irish Theatre?

A. W. B. Yeats
B. Lady Gregory
C. J. M. Synge
D. A.E.

Q5. While Shaw dealt with specific modern problems, what did J. M. Barrie deal with in terms of fantasy?

A. Men and women in situations as familiar or unfamiliar in one generation as in another
B. Purely political subjects
C. Strictly scientific matters
D. Historical biographies

Q6. In settled pessimism, where did J. M. Barrie take refuge from the ugliness of modern life?

A. In socialist politics
B. In a world of delicate sentiment and make-believe
C. In strict religious dogma
D. In classical antiquity

Q7. In which play did Barrie skirt about the edges of a modern problem only to fly from its full implications in the last act?

A. Peter Pan
B. The Admirable Crichton
C. Dear Brutus
D. Quality Street

Q8. How is Barrie described as a humorist?

A. Bitter and cynical
B. Sunnily human and wryly disillusioned
C. Slapstick and loud
D. Highly intellectual and obscure

Q9. As the author of Peter Pan, which kind of critic did Barrie completely satisfy?

A. The academic critic
B. The dramatic reviewer
C. The critic in the nursery
D. The political theorist

Q10. Whose creation of Alice in 1865 is described as one of those strokes of sublime genius that do not occur more than once or twice?

A. Lewis Carroll
B. J. M. Barrie
C. Edward Lear
D. Kenneth Grahame

▶ Page 267 - Novelists of the Transition

Q1. Which play is NOT written by John Galsworthy?

A. Strife
B. The Silver Box
C. The Voysey Inheritance
D. The Skin Game

Q2. Who is the author of the naturalistic play 'The Voysey Inheritance'?

A. John Galsworthy
B. Harley Granville-Barker
C. Arnold Bennett
D. Edward Knoblock

Q3. 'Milestones' is a study in the dynamics of progress by Arnold Bennett and:

A. John Masefield
B. Harley Granville-Barker
C. Edward Knoblock
D. George Moore

Q4. Which of the following is a contribution to modern tragic drama by John Masefield?

A. Pompey the Great
B. The Tragedy of Nan
C. Good Friday
D. All of the above

Q5. From about 1885 onward, English novelists began to treat realistic themes:

A. In a romantic manner
B. Dispassionately and non-sentimentally
C. With extreme sentimentality
D. Through historical allegories

Q6. George Moore's 'Esther Waters' was a landmark in the movement toward:

A. Romanticism
B. Aesthetic realism
C. Naturalism
D. Symbolism

Q7. George Gissing wrote a number of grim novels close to:

A. The facts of life he had observed
B. Medieval romance
C. Gothic traditions
D. Utopian ideals

Q8. Which Gissing novel introduces much slightly-veiled autobiography?

A. Esther Waters
B. Born in Exile
C. The Silver Box
D. Milestones

Q9. What weakens George Gissing's fiction despite its literary integrity?

A. Excessive romanticism
B. A note of whining resentment and self-pity
C. Lack of realism
D. Overuse of comedy

Q10. In his later years, George Gissing wrote a book of reflections in fine prose titled:

A. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft
B. Born in Exile
C. The Voysey Inheritance
D. Esther Waters

▶ Page 268 - George Moore and Rudyard Kipling

Q1. George Moore's 'The Brook Kerith' deals with the legend that Jesus lived on among the:

A. Pharisees
B. Essene monastic community
C. Romans
D. Sadducees

Q2. Which of the following is NOT a historical novel by George Moore?

A. The Brook Kerith
B. Abelard and Heloise
C. Ulick and Soracha
D. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft

Q3. In his final period, George Moore's prose style austerely rejected:

A. Clarity
B. Precision
C. Verbal ornamentation
D. Inner beauty

Q4. Who had no equal among English short-story writers of the traditional type according to the text?

A. Rudyard Kipling
B. George Moore
C. George Gissing
D. Arnold Bennett

Q5. Rudyard Kipling widened the range of fiction with stories of:

A. Aristocracy and nobility
B. Machinery and animals
C. Medieval knights
D. Urban slums

Q6. Which novel by Rudyard Kipling is considered comparable in merit with his short stories?

A. Kim
B. The Brook Kerith
C. Pickwick
D. Esther Waters

Q7. Kipling's 'Kim' does for the Tibetan borderland what 'Pickwick' did for:

A. Scotland
B. Ireland
C. England
D. Wales

Q8. 'A Gentleman of France' and 'The House of the Wolf' were written by:

A. Maurice Hewlett
B. Stanley Weyman
C. Anthony Hope
D. Conan Doyle

Q9. Maurice Hewlett's 'The Forest Lovers' and Anthony Hope's 'The Prisoner of Zenda' are products of the:

A. Realistic movement
B. Romantic imagination
C. Naturalistic theater
D. Historical biographies

Q10. Who is the author of 'Sherlock Holmes'?

A. Stanley Weyman
B. Maurice Hewlett
C. Conan Doyle
D. Anthony Hope

▶ Page 269 - Twentieth Century Novelists

Q1. After Dickens' death, the custody of tradition in the English novel was vested in:

A. Meredith and Hardy
B. Wells and Conrad
C. Bennett and Galsworthy
D. Moore and Gissing

Q2. 'The Time Machine' was one of the early fantastic romances of:

A. Joseph Conrad
B. H.G. Wells
C. Henry James
D. Arnold Bennett

Q3. Which of the following novels established H.G. Wells as a novelist with a special genius for comedy?

A. The Time Machine
B. Love and Mr. Lewisham
C. Tono-Bungay
D. Lord Jim

Q4. Many people ranked which book as H.G. Wells' best novel?

A. The History of Mr. Polly
B. Tono-Bungay
C. Mr. Britling Sees It Through
D. Kipps

Q5. In 'Tono-Bungay', the national change from aristocracy to democracy is seen through the mind of:

A. Mr. Lewisham
B. Mr. Polly
C. George Ponderevo
D. Mr. Britling

Q6. From 1912 onward, H.G. Wells believed that the novel should serve as a platform for:

A. Entertainment only
B. Propagation of ideas and social discussion
C. Pure aesthetic art
D. Historical romance

Q7. Joseph Conrad's original name was:

A. Josef Konrad Korzeniowski
B. Joseph Conrad Korzeniowski
C. Josef Conrad Korzeniowski
D. Josef Konrad

Q8. Before settling in England to write, Joseph Conrad served on:

A. British naval warships
B. French and British merchant ships
C. Polish merchant ships
D. American whaling ships

Q9. Which of the following is considered one of Conrad's penetrating psychological novels?

A. Typhoon
B. Chance
C. The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'
D. Tono-Bungay

Q10. Who was the Anglicized-American author whose example of making the novel a work of art Conrad followed?

A. Henry James
B. Mark Twain
C. Herman Melville
D. Walt Whitman

▶ Page 270 - Joseph Conrad and Traditional Novelists

Q1. Joseph Conrad's narrative method is described as:

A. Simple and straightforward
B. Peculiarly involved and sometimes perplexing
C. Entirely episodic
D. Strictly chronological

Q2. Which novel by Conrad is described as 'near to the absolute greatness of poetic tragedy'?

A. Victory
B. Lord Jim
C. Chance
D. Typhoon

Q3. Conrad's 'Victory' is placed lower than 'Lord Jim' because it plunges into:

A. Exotic romanticism
B. Didacticism
C. Harsh realism
D. Historical fantasy

Q4. A unifying idea running through Conrad's novels is the imperative need for:

A. Political revolution
B. Loyalty to a human principle
C. Individual isolation
D. Economic success

Q5. According to Conrad, against the treachery of the ocean, what must be maintained?

A. Strict discipline
B. Human solidarity
C. Advanced technology
D. Blind faith

Q6. In 'Lord Jim', after breaking human solidarity, what must be made?

A. A swift escape
B. Atonement after travail
C. A public confession
D. A financial settlement

Q7. 'The Old Wives' Tale' and 'Clayhanger' were written by:

A. Arnold Bennett
B. John Galsworthy
C. Joseph Conrad
D. H.G. Wells

Q8. John Galsworthy's 'The Forsyte Saga' gives a picture of which social classes in modern England?

A. The typical middle-class in trade
B. The professional and aristocratic classes
C. The working class
D. The agricultural peasantry

Q9. Arnold Bennett's literary style is described as:

A. Graceful and suave
B. Efficient workmanlike middle-class prose
C. Poetic and impressionistic
D. Complex and deeply psychological

Q10. Which of the following is an accurate description of Galsworthy's literary style?

A. Efficient and workmanlike
B. Graceful and suave
C. Rugged and brutal
D. Complicated and perplexing

▶ Page 271 - Miscellaneous Prose

Q1. Arnold Bennett wrote a first-rate humorous novel titled:

A. Buried Alive
B. The Great Adventure
C. Over Bemerton's
D. Joseph Vance

Q2. William De Morgan spent the main part of his life designing and manufacturing:

A. Textiles
B. Ceramics
C. Furniture
D. Jewelry

Q3. When did William De Morgan turn to novel-writing?

A. While recovering from an illness
B. During his youth
C. After retiring from politics
D. During World War I

Q4. Which of the following is NOT one of William De Morgan's best first three novels?

A. Joseph Vance
B. Alice-for-Short
C. Somehow Good
D. Buried Alive

Q5. De Morgan's novels excelled in:

A. Humour and controlled pathos
B. Naturalistic tragedy
C. Psychological suspense
D. Political satire

Q6. Revolutionary changes in journalism in the late 19th century were influenced by Alfred Harmsworth, T.P. O'Connor, and:

A. Bernard Shaw
B. Max Beerbohm
C. A.G. Gardiner
D. Robert Lynd

Q7. Which essayist wrote under the pseudonym 'Alpha of the Plough'?

A. Robert Lynd
B. E.V. Lucas
C. A.G. Gardiner
D. Max Beerbohm

Q8. E.V. Lucas made a definite mark with 'Over Bemerton's', combining qualities of a familiar essay and:

A. A drama
B. A poem
C. A novel
D. A biography

Q9. Who was the most brilliant caricaturist of his generation and a parodist of genius?

A. E.V. Lucas
B. Max Beerbohm
C. Kenneth Grahame
D. A.A. Milne

Q10. 'The Golden Age', 'Dream Days', and 'The Wind in the Willows' were written by:

A. Kenneth Grahame
B. A.A. Milne
C. Max Beerbohm
D. C.M. Doughty

▶ Page 272 - W.H. Hudson and Lytton Strachey

Q1. W.H. Hudson's prose was notable for its:

A. Lyrical ecstasy
B. Cool clarity
C. Complex verbosity
D. Rugged brutality

Q2. Which of the following is a nature book by W.H. Hudson?

A. A Shepherd's Life
B. Eminent Victorians
C. Queen Victoria
D. The Hound of Heaven

Q3. 'Far Away and Long Ago' was written by:

A. Richard Jefferies
B. Lytton Strachey
C. W.H. Hudson
D. George Gissing

Q4. Who made a genuine advance in biography in the early twentieth century?

A. W.H. Hudson
B. Lytton Strachey
C. Thomas Hardy
D. Richard Jefferies

Q5. Which epoch-making book altered the outlook of a whole generation of English biographers?

A. Eminent Victorians
B. Queen Victoria
C. Both A and B
D. A Shepherd's Life

Q6. Lytton Strachey found biography a depressed industry and transformed it into:

A. A science
B. A fine art
C. A political tool
D. A satirical medium

Q7. According to the table, in which year was Thomas Hardy's 'The Return of the Native' published?

A. 1878
B. 1885
C. 1891
D. 1895

Q8. Robert Bridges's 'Shorter Poems' were published during the years:

A. 1887-1891
B. 1873-1880
C. 1892-1895
D. 1885-1889

Q9. In what year did Gerard Manley Hopkins die?

A. 1878
B. 1889
C. 1893
D. 1895

Q10. According to the table, 'The Second Mrs. Tanqueray' was written by:

A. Pinero
B. Kipling
C. Hardy
D. Gissing

▶ Page 273 - Table of the Age of Hardy (Contd.)

Q1. George Moore's 'Esther Waters' was published in:

A. 1891
B. 1894
C. 1896
D. 1898

Q2. Thomas Hardy's 'Jude the Obscure' was published in:

A. 1895
B. 1896
C. 1898
D. 1900

Q3. Oscar Wilde's 'The Importance of Being Earnest' was published in the same year as:

A. Yeats' Poems
B. Wells' Time Machine
C. Hardy's Jude the Obscure
D. All of the above

Q4. A.E. Housman's 'A Shropshire Lad' was published in:

A. 1894
B. 1895
C. 1896
D. 1897

Q5. Who wrote 'Trelawny of the Wells' published in 1897?

A. Pinero
B. H.A. Jones
C. Oscar Wilde
D. Bernard Shaw

Q6. Oscar Wilde's 'The Ballad of Reading Gaol' was published in:

A. 1895
B. 1896
C. 1897
D. 1898

Q7. Bernard Shaw's 'Plays: Pleasant and Unpleasant' was published in:

A. 1895
B. 1896
C. 1898
D. 1900

Q8. 'Kim' by Rudyard Kipling was published in:

A. 1898
B. 1900
C. 1901
D. 1903

Q9. Samuel Butler's 'The Way of All Flesh' and Shaw's 'Man and Superman' were both published in:

A. 1901
B. 1903
C. 1905
D. 1907

Q10. J.M. Barrie's 'Peter Pan' first appeared in:

A. 1903
B. 1904
C. 1905
D. 1906

▶ Page 274 - Table of the Age of Hardy (Contd.)

Q1. Arnold Bennett's 'The Old Wives' Tale' was published in:

A. 1906
B. 1908
C. 1909
D. 1911

Q2. J.M. Synge's 'The Playboy of the Western World' was published in:

A. 1905
B. 1906
C. 1907
D. 1908

Q3. H.G. Wells's 'Tono-Bungay' and Galsworthy's 'Strife' were both published in:

A. 1908
B. 1909
C. 1910
D. 1911

Q4. In 1909, which writers passed away?

A. Meredith and Synge
B. Swinburne and Hardy
C. Meredith, Swinburne, and Synge
D. Hardy and Gissing

Q5. John Masefield's 'The Everlasting Mercy' and Rupert Brooke's 'Poems' were published in:

A. 1909
B. 1910
C. 1911
D. 1912

Q6. 'Milestones' by Bennett & Knoblock was published in:

A. 1911
B. 1912
C. 1913
D. 1914

Q7. D.H. Lawrence's 'Sons and Lovers' was published in:

A. 1912
B. 1913
C. 1914
D. 1915

Q8. 'Georgian Poetry 1911-1912' was published in:

A. 1911
B. 1912
C. 1913
D. 1914

Q9. Joseph Conrad's 'Victory' was published in:

A. 1913
B. 1914
C. 1915
D. 1916

Q10. Norman Douglas's 'South Wind' was published in:

A. 1915
B. 1916
C. 1917
D. 1918

▶ Page 275 - Table of the Age of Hardy (Contd.)

Q1. Siegfried Sassoon's 'Counter Attack' was published in:

A. 1917
B. 1918
C. 1919
D. 1920

Q2. Which play by John Drinkwater was published in 1918?

A. Heartbreak House
B. The Skin Game
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Juno and the Paycock

Q3. Gerard Manley Hopkins's 'Poems' were posthumously published in:

A. 1917
B. 1918
C. 1919
D. 1920

Q4. Bernard Shaw's 'Back to Methuselah' was published in:

A. 1919
B. 1920
C. 1921
D. 1922

Q5. Which major literary work by T.S. Eliot was published in 1922?

A. Prufrock
B. The Waste Land
C. Four Quartets
D. Ash Wednesday

Q6. James Joyce's 'Ulysses' was published in:

A. 1920
B. 1921
C. 1922
D. 1923

Q7. E.M. Forster's 'A Passage to India' was published in:

A. 1922
B. 1923
C. 1924
D. 1925

Q8. In what year did Joseph Conrad die?

A. 1922
B. 1923
C. 1924
D. 1925

Q9. Noel Coward's 'Hay Fever' and Sean O'Casey's 'Juno and the Paycock' were published in:

A. 1924
B. 1925
C. 1926
D. 1927

Q10. Robert Bridges's 'The Testament of Beauty' was published in:

A. 1927
B. 1928
C. 1929
D. 1930

▶ Page 276 - The Present Age

Q1. Chapter 26 deals with 'The Present Age' covering the years:

A. 1910-1940
B. 1920-1950
C. 1930-1955
D. 1945-1960

Q2. The text warns against the impression that writers in each 'age' can be treated:

A. Collectively
B. Independently of their predecessors and successors
C. Only in relation to foreign authors
D. As isolated geniuses

Q3. According to the text, whatever seems new in literature is found on examination to have roots stretching back into:

A. Classical mythology only
B. A more or less remote past
C. Pure imagination
D. Political revolutions

Q4. The text mentions that writers of the present age have been deeply indebted to which age of nearly 2500 years ago?

A. The Augustan Age in Rome
B. The Classical Age in Greece
C. The Dark Ages
D. The Renaissance

Q5. Which novel is described in form as the most 'revolutionary' novel of the twentieth century?

A. Tono-Bungay
B. Ulysses
C. The Waste Land
D. To the Lighthouse

Q6. James Joyce's 'Ulysses' is designed upon the plan of:

A. Virgil's Aeneid
B. Dante's Inferno
C. Homer's Odyssey
D. Milton's Paradise Lost

Q7. Who is the author of 'The Waste Land'?

A. W.B. Yeats
B. T.S. Eliot
C. James Joyce
D. Ezra Pound

Q8. T.S. Eliot's poetry draws from:

A. Only modern sources
B. Exclusively English sources
C. Many past sources, English and foreign
D. Scientific treatises

Q9. In 'The Waste Land', Eliot's use of past sources is evidenced by:

A. His interviews
B. His notes to the poem
C. His prefaces
D. The title of the poem

Q10. The text suggests that the 'advanced' writers of the Atomic Age are indebted to:

A. Only their immediate predecessors
B. The Victorian Age and the Classical Age in Greece
C. No previous periods
D. Only foreign literature

▶ Page 277 - The Inter-War Years

Q1. When Thomas Hardy died in 1928, the world was still recovering from the consequences of:

A. The Boer War
B. The first World War
C. The Crimean War
D. The French Revolution

Q2. What organization had failed to bring about the state of international harmony hoped for by its founders?

A. The United Nations
B. The European Union
C. The League of Nations
D. The NATO

Q3. In the 1930s, a worldwide financial crisis struck, creating millions of unemployed and regions known as:

A. Development zones
B. Distressed areas
C. Special economic zones
D. Prosperity belts

Q4. An account of the state of Britain during the 1930s can be found in J.B. Priestley's:

A. An English Journey
B. The Good Companions
C. Angel Pavement
D. Time and the Conways

Q5. In Germany, the burden of unemployment created conditions exploited by:

A. Mussolini
B. Hitler
C. Stalin
D. Franco

Q6. Mussolini dreamt of a modern Roman Empire and prepared for conquest in:

A. Abyssinia and Libya
B. China and Japan
C. Spain and Portugal
D. Poland and Austria

Q7. In the 1930s, a civil war raged with terrifying savagery in:

A. Italy
B. France
C. Spain
D. Germany

Q8. In these circumstances, many writers became convinced that literature was useless if it did not serve a definite:

A. Aesthetic purpose
B. Social and political purpose
C. Religious purpose
D. Romantic purpose

Q9. The literature of the 1930s returned to the serious mood which had dominated the:

A. Augustan period
B. Mid-Victorian period
C. Elizabethan period
D. Romantic period

Q10. The Victorians had been mainly preoccupied with the 'condition of England' question and their literature was permeated by:

A. Non-violent humanitarianism
B. Violent revolutionary zeal
C. Classical detachment
D. Existential despair

▶ Page 278 - Purpose in Literature

Q1. The writings of the 1930s were as much preoccupied with the condition of:

A. The whole world
B. Just England
C. The rural countryside
D. The industrial cities only

Q2. What had made the world appear as small a place as Britain a century before?

A. Telegraphs
B. Air-travel
C. Steamships
D. The radio

Q3. In the 1930s, humanitarian hopefulness had been displaced by:

A. Apathetic silence
B. Partisan propaganda
C. Pure romanticism
D. Light-hearted comedy

Q4. According to the text, literature is a creative art, written by creative literary artists, and its motive power is:

A. Logic
B. Political theory
C. Imagination
D. Economics

Q5. A vision of truth is described as the peculiar and special contribution of:

A. Politicians
B. A great poet or a great novelist
C. Sociologists
D. Economists

Q6. Politics, according to the text, has been said to be the art of the:

A. Impossible
B. Desirable
C. Possible
D. Inevitable

Q7. In contrast to politics, the text suggests that poetry is the art of the:

A. Possible
B. Desirable
C. Practical
D. Compromise

Q8. When a poet attempts to harness his talent to current practical problems, he is more likely to:

A. Save mankind
B. Cripple his own imagination
C. Become a great politician
D. Increase his vision of truth

Q9. If a poet loses his vision through a misapplied concern with facts, he is compared to:

A. A soaring eagle
B. A bat doing the flitting of a falcon
C. A rapid falcon condemned to do the flitting of a bat
D. A caged bird

Q10. The text suggests that a poet may see more and speak more saving wisdom from:

A. The political cockpit
B. His ivory tower
C. The battlefield
D. The factory floor

▶ Page 279 - Gerard Manley Hopkins

Q1. Gerard Manley Hopkins published how much poetry during his own lifetime?

A. Several volumes
B. Nothing
C. One famous epic
D. A few anthologies

Q2. When were Hopkins's collected poems first issued?

A. 1889
B. 1900
C. 1918
D. 1928

Q3. Hopkins turned Roman Catholic and later joined which order?

A. The Franciscans
B. The Dominicans
C. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
D. The Benedictines

Q4. As a devout Jesuit, Hopkins considered it a religious duty to:

A. Write religious pamphlets
B. Preach to the poor
C. Discontinue writing poetry
D. Translate the Bible

Q5. What event inspired Hopkins to write 'The Wreck of the Deutschland'?

A. The death of his father
B. A shipwreck causing the drowning of five Franciscan nuns
C. The outbreak of a war
D. A personal spiritual crisis

Q6. Hopkins served as Professor of Greek at which university from 1884?

A. Oxford University
B. Cambridge University
C. Dublin University
D. London University

Q7. Which poem by Hopkins begins 'Glory be to God for dappled things'?

A. The Wreck of the Deutschland
B. Pied Beauty
C. The Windhover
D. Felix Randal

Q8. To describe his own system of prosody, Hopkins used the term:

A. Free verse
B. Blank verse
C. Sprung rhythm
D. Syllabic meter

Q9. What word did Hopkins use to denote his aim in the treatment of subject material?

A. Inscape
B. Instress
C. Insight
D. Epiphany

Q10. Who edited the 1918 volume of Hopkins's poems?

A. T.S. Eliot
B. W.B. Yeats
C. Robert Bridges
D. John Pick

▶ Page 280 - Hopkins's Influence

Q1. The spirit of Victorian times was mostly:

A. At variance with Hopkins's own spirit
B. Deeply appreciative of complex spiritual probing
C. Identical to Hopkins's worldview
D. Entirely devoid of religion

Q2. Before 1914, the educated classes had enjoyed long periods of:

A. War and famine
B. Peace and prosperity
C. Social revolution
D. Religious persecution

Q3. All the simple and comfortable life of the educated classes was changed by:

A. The death of Queen Victoria
B. The coming of war in 1914
C. The rise of industrialism
D. The financial crisis of 1929

Q4. After 1914, the smooth romantic writings which had satisfied the older generation now appeared to the younger generation as:

A. Profound and comforting
B. Superficial and empty
C. Ahead of their time
D. Dangerously subversive

Q5. After the outbreak of war, religion requiring hardly more than a quiet round of Christian observances had:

A. Grown in popularity
B. Ceased to satisfy
C. Become the only comfort
D. Been legally banned

Q6. The new generation viewed life not as a pastoral landscape, but as:

A. A bustling city
B. A quiet garden
C. A prospect of granite mountains and chasms
D. An empty desert

Q7. When Hopkins's poems were introduced, they were recognized as the work of:

A. A superficial romantic
B. A spiritual explorer
C. A political pamphleteer
D. A traditional Victorian

Q8. Hopkins's poetry acted for the new generation not as a smoothing-plane, but as a:

A. Rock-drill driving down into realities
B. Gentle breeze of comfort
C. Distracting fantasy
D. Heavy burden

Q9. Who found Hopkins's realities useful for their own purposes?

A. Only the deeply religious
B. Only the irreligious
C. Religious and irreligious alike
D. Only Jesuit priests

Q10. The text notes that because they were tired of easy poetry, a good many of his followers neglected to observe that:

A. There is no virtue in difficulty as an end in itself
B. Poetry should never rhyme
C. Romanticism is the only true art
D. All traditional poetry is bad

▶ Page 281 - T.S. Eliot and Obscurity

Q1. The far-reaching influence of Hopkins after 1918 encouraged lesser minds to foster the illusion that:

A. Clarity is superior to obscurity
B. Clarity is inferior to obscurity
C. Poetry must be politically engaged
D. Form does not matter

Q2. According to the text, a good poet is never obscure if:

A. They use free verse
B. They write about nature
C. What they say can be comprehended by those who learn their language
D. They explain their poems in prose

Q3. Milton is considered obscure until we:

A. Understand his political views
B. Master the Miltonic language
C. Read his biographies
D. Memorize his sonnets

Q4. Many of Hopkins's imitators are obscure because:

A. They write in a foreign language
B. They have no language of their own and nothing original to say
C. They only use sprung rhythm
D. They are too intelligent for their readers

Q5. What is the text's view on any literary cult?

A. It is highly beneficial
B. It is deplorable
C. It is a necessary phase of art
D. It guarantees great literature

Q6. A literary cult is said to destroy the faculty of:

A. Rhythmic composition
B. Rhyming
C. Independent creation and independent critical judgment
D. Memorization

Q7. It is difficult to separate the Hopkins cult from the cult of:

A. W.B. Yeats
B. T.S. Eliot
C. W.H. Auden
D. Ezra Pound

Q8. T.S. Eliot published his first poems (Prufrock and Other Observations) in:

A. 1915
B. 1917
C. 1918
D. 1922

Q9. Where was T.S. Eliot born?

A. England
B. France
C. The United States
D. Ireland

Q10. With which poem published in 1922 did Eliot establish his reputation as the leading living poet of the English-speaking world?

A. Ash Wednesday
B. The Journey of the Magi
C. The Waste Land
D. Prufrock

▶ Page 282 - T.S. Eliot and Poetic Drama

Q1. T.S. Eliot's 'The Waste Land' presented a disturbing vision of the state of:

A. The ancient world
B. The contemporary world
C. The future world
D. The Victorian world

Q2. 'The Waste Land' is written in:

A. Blank verse
B. Rhymed couplets
C. Free verse
D. Terza rima

Q3. Eliot's vision in 'The Waste Land' is described as a Jeremiah-like vision of human society that is:

A. Confused, dirty, and barren in spirit
B. Joyful and harmonious
C. Deeply romantic and idealized
D. Pastoral and peaceful

Q4. The imagery in 'The Waste Land' was deliberately unromantic and drawn from the shabby side of:

A. Rural life
B. City life
C. Sea life
D. Mountain life

Q5. What was the purpose of the deliberate ugliness in 'The Waste Land'?

A. To mock the poor
B. To shock readers into seeing their 'waste land' as it was
C. To entertain children
D. To imitate French poetry

Q6. Eliot's theory of verse-making in poetic drama was that poetry should conform to the rhythms of:

A. Natural speech
B. Classical Latin
C. Shakespearean blank verse
D. Chanting monks

Q7. Which two plays by T.S. Eliot conform to his theory of verse-making more closely than his earlier plays?

A. Murder in the Cathedral and The Family Reunion
B. The Cocktail Party and The Confidential Clerk
C. The Cocktail Party and Murder in the Cathedral
D. The Family Reunion and The Confidential Clerk

Q8. Eliot's development into a religious poet culminated in the sequence of poems collected as:

A. The Waste Land
B. Ash Wednesday
C. Four Quartets
D. Prufrock

Q9. Under the sway of T.S. Eliot's authority, poets grew timid of poetry marked by:

A. Obscurity and gloom
B. Intellectualism
C. Verbal richness and buoyancy of spirit
D. Free verse

Q10. It became the fashion to speak Shakespeare on stage in a manner which made it seem that poetry was intended to be:

A. Shouted loudly
B. Kept as a guilty secret from the audiences
C. Sung like a musical
D. Translated into prose

▶ Page 283 - Playwrights and Poets of the 1930s

Q1. The illusion that audiences do not like poetry on stage was dispelled by Christopher Fry's play:

A. The Boy With a Cart
B. A Sleep of Prisoners
C. The Lady's Not For Burning
D. The Dark is Light Enough

Q2. 'The Lady's Not For Burning' is the strange love story of a vagabond and a reputed:

A. Princess
B. Saint
C. Witch
D. Ghost

Q3. Christopher Fry's first published play, showing the influence of Eliot, was:

A. The Lady's Not For Burning
B. The Boy With a Cart
C. A Sleep of Prisoners
D. The Dark is Light Enough

Q4. In the 1930s, W.H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood collaboratively wrote which plays?

A. The Dog Beneath the Skin, The Ascent of F. 6, and On the Frontier
B. Trial of a Judge and A Sleep of Prisoners
C. The Confidential Clerk and The Cocktail Party
D. The Ascent of F. 6 and The Boy With a Cart

Q5. Who wrote the play 'Trial of a Judge'?

A. W.H. Auden
B. Christopher Isherwood
C. Stephen Spender
D. C. Day Lewis

Q6. W.H. Auden succeeded which poet in the Professorship of Poetry at Oxford?

A. T.S. Eliot
B. C. Day Lewis
C. Louis MacNeice
D. Stephen Spender

Q7. Louis MacNeice wrote a number of interesting plays in later years for:

A. The West End theatre
B. Broadcasting
C. Silent films
D. Amateur companies

Q8. The outburst of poetry which was remarkable during the first World War was:

A. Repeated with greater intensity during the second World War
B. Not repeated during the second World War
C. Banned during the second World War
D. Focused on romantic love

Q9. The second World War was entered upon in 1939 with no popular fervour or:

A. Military strategy
B. Economic backing
C. Heroic idealism
D. Dogged determination

Q10. Poetry written during the darker stages of the second World War was for the most part:

A. Highly popular and accessible
B. Beyond the understanding of the common reader
C. Exclusively about nature
D. Romantic sonnets

▶ Page 284 - Dylan Thomas and the Sitwells

Q1. Which poet began in the 1930s and reached a larger audience mainly through his success as a radio broadcaster?

A. Stephen Spender
B. Dylan Thomas
C. W.H. Auden
D. C. Day Lewis

Q2. Dylan Thomas received much posthumous acclaim for which poetical radio fantasy?

A. Under Milk Wood
B. The Dog Beneath the Skin
C. The Ascent of F. 6
D. Trial of a Judge

Q3. The Sitwell family were at first derided as:

A. Too serious and gloomy
B. Impudent and frivolous
C. Uneducated and crude
D. Overly traditional

Q4. The early poetry of Edith Sitwell seemed often artificial and toy-like due to her desire to:

A. Mock Shakespeare
B. Write for children
C. Experiment and enlarge the technical range of verse
D. Reject all poetic traditions

Q5. With the coming of war in 1939, Edith Sitwell's work received a strong impetus toward:

A. Lighter comedy
B. More serious tendencies
C. Prose fiction
D. Political pamphlets

Q6. The text suggests Edith Sitwell must be considered on the level of the greatest:

A. English women poets
B. Playwrights
C. Essayists
D. Novelists

Q7. Who is mentioned as a woman poet that wrote a few perfect short poems but produced nothing comparable with Sitwell's more substantial works?

A. Elizabeth Barrett Browning
B. Emily Bronte
C. Virginia Woolf
D. Sylvia Plath

Q8. Osbert Sitwell surpassed his varied works as a poet and novelist with a remarkable five-volume autobiography titled:

A. Left Hand, Right Hand
B. The Sitwell Story
C. Left and Right
D. The Age of Sitwell

Q9. Sacheverell Sitwell devoted himself mainly to writings on:

A. Politics
B. Science
C. Art
D. Economics

Q10. W.B. Yeats began as a late-Victorian romantic poet and ended as a twentieth-century:

A. Satirist
B. Metaphysical poet
C. Prose novelist
D. War poet

▶ Page 285 - Yeats, de la Mare, and the Novel

Q1. W.B. Yeats' progress can be assessed by comparing the simple 'Lake Isle of Innisfree' with the profound:

A. The Waste Land
B. Byzantium
C. Ash Wednesday
D. The Dark is Light Enough

Q2. Walter de la Mare was comparatively little affected by:

A. The new trends in experimental poetry
B. The Victorian romanticism
C. The death of his friends
D. The economic crisis

Q3. Walter de la Mare wrote many delightful poems for children in volumes such as:

A. Left Hand, Right Hand
B. Peacock Pie
C. Under Milk Wood
D. Four Quartets

Q4. Like all first-class writings intended for young people, de la Mare's children's poems:

A. Lack any substance
B. Have more than childish substance and older people find wisdom in them
C. Are filled with political propaganda
D. Are extremely obscure

Q5. De la Mare always makes his poems suggest depths of meaning beyond what the words actually say, writing with an appearance of such:

A. Complex difficulty
B. Simplicity and ease
C. Harsh reality
D. Bitter satire

Q6. De la Mare hints at mystery, magic, and the breathless uncanniness of:

A. Silence
B. Urban noise
C. War
D. Politics

Q7. Walter de la Mare also wrote novels, such as:

A. Left Hand, Right Hand
B. Memoirs of a Midget
C. The Old Wives' Tale
D. Tono-Bungay

Q8. Virginia Woolf took which novelist as a typical example of the older kind of novelists?

A. Thomas Hardy
B. Arnold Bennett
C. H.G. Wells
D. John Galsworthy

Q9. In which essay did Virginia Woolf criticize the older kind of novelists?

A. Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown
B. The Art of Fiction
C. A Room of One's Own
D. Modern Fiction

Q10. Virginia Woolf aimed at something finer in her novels that would convey the:

A. Economic struggles of the poor
B. Details of Victorian commerce
C. Essences of human life
D. Horrors of modern war

▶ Page 286 - Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury

Q1. Virginia Woolf (Virginia Stephen) had been born into a literary household where her father was:

A. Leonard Woolf
B. Sir Leslie Stephen
C. Lytton Strachey
D. Arnold Bennett

Q2. When she married Leonard Woolf, Virginia became a principal figure among the group known as the:

A. Bloomsbury Set
B. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
C. Rhymers' Club
D. Fabian Society

Q3. The Bloomsbury Set lived in what the text describes as very largely a:

A. Bustling political arena
B. Secular monastic circle
C. Working-class commune
D. Bohemian slum

Q4. According to the text, human life in the main is rough and coarse; to ignore that it is so deludes us into a:

A. Pessimistic view
B. Falsely delicate view of the world and its people
C. Brutal realism
D. Spiritual awakening

Q5. Virginia Woolf created a fictional world which was not a reflection of the actual world, but only a world made in the image of:

A. Political ideals
B. Historical events
C. Her own exquisite sensibilities
D. Traditional romantic plots

Q6. The text argues that whereas Arnold Bennett creates characters outside himself, all Virginia Woolf's characters are:

A. Historical figures
B. Aspects of herself
C. Ghostly apparitions
D. Symbolic allegories

Q7. The author of the text asserts that Virginia Woolf was a great writer, but not a great:

A. Poet
B. Essayist
C. Novelist
D. Thinker

Q8. According to the text, what could Virginia Woolf not do?

A. Put her self-characters into interesting situations
B. Write in beautiful prose
C. Tell a story
D. Analyze human psychology

Q9. The modern belief that a story is unnecessary in a novel is described by the text as the outcome of a general decline in:

A. Vocabulary
B. Inventive power
C. Political interest
D. Reading skills

Q10. If Virginia Woolf had lived in the sixteenth century, the text suggests she would have written:

A. Plays
B. Poetry
C. Epics
D. Sermons

▶ Page 287 - Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster

Q1. For most readers, Virginia Woolf's easiest book is:

A. The Waves
B. The Years
C. Orlando
D. To the Lighthouse

Q2. 'Orlando' is described as a fantasy released from the bonds of:

A. Love and hate
B. Time and place
C. Life and death
D. Magic and reality

Q3. Which two novels have a firmer structure but are selected by many admirers as Virginia Woolf's masterpieces?

A. Orlando and The Voyage Out
B. The Waves and The Years
C. To the Lighthouse and The Common Reader
D. The Voyage Out and Orlando

Q4. Virginia Woolf's critical essays were collected in volumes such as:

A. The Common Reader
B. Abinger Harvest
C. Two Cheers for Democracy
D. Left Hand, Right Hand

Q5. E.M. Forster wrote literary criticism of exceptional quality in:

A. The Common Reader
B. Abinger Harvest and Two Cheers for Democracy
C. The Common Reader and Abinger Harvest
D. Two Cheers for Democracy and The Common Reader

Q6. E.M. Forster carried into the twentieth century the ideals of which period?

A. The Romantic period
B. The Elizabethan age
C. The Victorian liberal humanitarian ideals
D. The Augustan satirical ideals

Q7. E.M. Forster can be called a 'novelist's novelist' whose influence on other writers has been pervasive, though in twenty years he produced only:

A. Two novels
B. Three novels
C. Five novels
D. Ten novels

Q8. Which novel by E.M. Forster was the most widely read until 'A Passage to India'?

A. Howard's End
B. The Celestial Omnibus
C. The Hill of Devi
D. A Room with a View

Q9. 'A Passage to India' is a troubling novel with a subtly studied character in the unjustly accused:

A. Mr. Fielding
B. Dr. Aziz
C. Mrs. Moore
D. Miss Quested

Q10. The basis of personal experience for 'A Passage to India' can be found in a later book by Forster called:

A. Abinger Harvest
B. Two Cheers for Democracy
C. The Hill of Devi
D. The Celestial Omnibus

▶ Page 288 - James Joyce and Somerset Maugham

Q1. The works of James Joyce have attracted a small army of expositors and explainers, and his greatest novel is considered to be:

A. Dubliners
B. Ulysses
C. Finnegans Wake
D. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Q2. 'Ulysses' is a long prose epic dealing with how many hours in the lives of a group of people in Dublin?

A. 12 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 48 hours
D. One week

Q3. Which of James Joyce's novels resembles a vast musical composition where sense gives way to sound?

A. Ulysses
B. Finnegans Wake
C. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
D. The Celestial Omnibus

Q4. 'Finnegans Wake' is described as a night in the dream world of a character named:

A. Stephen Dedalus
B. Leopold Bloom
C. H.C. Earwaker
D. Dr. Aziz

Q5. An earlier book by Joyce, which is relatively straightforward, is:

A. Finnegans Wake
B. Ulysses
C. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
D. The Hill of Devi

Q6. Somerset Maugham began to write in the:

A. 1880s
B. 1890s
C. 1910s
D. 1920s

Q7. Somerset Maugham was for a long time underestimated by critics who were misled by his:

A. Experimental style
B. Immense wealth
C. Popularity among ordinary readers
D. Political views

Q8. Which of the following is considered one of Somerset Maugham's first-rate novels?

A. Of Human Bondage
B. Finnegans Wake
C. Howard's End
D. Ulysses

Q9. 'The Circle' and 'Our Betters' are notable plays by:

A. Bernard Shaw
B. James Bridie
C. Somerset Maugham
D. J.B. Priestley

Q10. Who was the controversial figure who might have been accepted as a great novelist if not for his mission to release people from moral restraints?

A. James Joyce
B. D.H. Lawrence
C. Aldous Huxley
D. George Orwell

▶ Page 289 - Satirists and Younger Novelists

Q1. In the 1920s, Aldous Huxley appeared like a modern:

A. Shakespeare
B. Jonathan Swift
C. Charles Dickens
D. Alexander Pope

Q2. 'Point Counter Point' was a book by Aldous Huxley that contained:

A. A romantic story of medieval knights
B. Bitter satirical portraits of writers and intellectual society
C. A utopian vision of the future
D. A philosophical discourse on religion

Q3. In 1932, Aldous Huxley envisaged a future in which the populace would be mentally conditioned by totalitarian despots in his book:

A. Animal Farm
B. Nineteen Eighty-Four
C. Brave New World
D. Mortal Coils

Q4. Who developed the theme of a totalitarian future in still darker tones in 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'?

A. Aldous Huxley
B. George Orwell
C. Graham Greene
D. Evelyn Waugh

Q5. George Orwell suddenly became widely known in 1945 for his short political satire titled:

A. Brave New World
B. Point Counter Point
C. Animal Farm
D. Antic Hay

Q6. 'Sinister Street', a fine novel of childhood and young manhood at Oxford, made which author famous?

A. Hugh Walpole
B. Compton Mackenzie
C. J.B. Priestley
D. Graham Greene

Q7. J.B. Priestley's 'The Good Companions' seemed to restore to general favour the full-blooded novel resembling the works of:

A. Jonathan Swift
B. Charles Dickens
C. Virginia Woolf
D. D.H. Lawrence

Q8. Which younger novelist took a leading place after the second World War by plunging his characters into depths of degradation?

A. Graham Greene
B. Evelyn Waugh
C. Charles Morgan
D. Joyce Cary

Q9. In Graham Greene's novels, characters are often redeemed only by the way of:

A. Social revolution
B. Divine compassion and salvation
C. Financial success
D. Scientific progress

Q10. Like Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh has religious implications in his novels because he is a:

A. Devout Anglican
B. Roman Catholic
C. Methodist minister
D. Quaker

▶ Page 290 - Later Novelists and Women Writers

Q1. Evelyn Waugh began as a farcical humorist in stories such as:

A. Brighton Rock and The Heart of the Matter
B. Decline and Fall and Vile Bodies
C. Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four
D. Of Human Bondage and Cakes and Ale

Q2. Which of the following is considered Evelyn Waugh's best sober novel?

A. The Loved One
B. Decline and Fall
C. Vile Bodies
D. Brideshead Revisited

Q3. Charles Morgan's novels, such as 'The Fountain' and 'The Judge's Story', are marked rather by a:

A. Roughly hewn realism
B. Carefully groomed style
C. Bitter satirical tone
D. Farce and humor

Q4. Which novelist was outstanding among recent novelists for his varied selection and treatment of subjects, passing from African life to wartime evacuee children?

A. Charles Morgan
B. Joyce Cary
C. Evelyn Waugh
D. Graham Greene

Q5. Joyce Cary wrote a novel about the shameless doings of a rascally artist named Jimson titled:

A. The African Witch
B. Charley is My Darling
C. The House of Children
D. The Horse's Mouth

Q6. The rapid growth of what led increasing numbers of women to take up a literary career?

A. University education for women
B. Voting rights
C. Urban populations
D. Industrial factories

Q7. Rose Macaulay wrote an excellent historical novel of the seventeenth century titled:

A. Told by an Idiot
B. They Were Defeated
C. The World My Wilderness
D. Parents and Children

Q8. Ivy Compton-Burnett is described as a more difficult but more original and penetrating writer, known for novels such as:

A. The World My Wilderness
B. Parents and Children
C. Death of the Heart
D. The Man Born to be King

Q9. Whose novels and short stories are said to have the literary distinction of Virginia Woolf but with a firmer outline and satisfying grasp of character?

A. Rose Macaulay
B. Ivy Compton-Burnett
C. Elizabeth Bowen
D. Dorothy Sayers

Q10. Dorothy Sayers gave the detective novel an intellectual and religious significance before turning to broadcast Christian plays like:

A. Death of the Heart
B. They Were Defeated
C. The Man Born to be King
D. Parents and Children

▶ Page 291 - The Short Story and Prose Drama

Q1. The English short story ventured into different paths in the 1920s, largely under the influence of the Russian writer:

A. Tolstoy
B. Dostoevsky
C. Tchekov (Chekhov)
D. Pushkin

Q2. The influence of Tchekov concentrated on:

A. Complex plots and fast action
B. Atmosphere rather than plot and firm characterisation
C. Political propaganda
D. Historical facts

Q3. Katherine Mansfield was born in:

A. England
B. France
C. New Zealand
D. Germany

Q4. Katherine Mansfield's carefully composed style was allied with a remarkable power of understanding:

A. Political leaders
B. Children, and also unhappy and thwarted people
C. Criminals and detectives
D. Military commanders

Q5. Bernard Shaw continued to write almost up to the time of his death in 1950 at the age of:

A. Eighty
B. Eighty-five
C. Ninety
D. Ninety-four

Q6. It is the general opinion that Bernard Shaw wrote nothing important after:

A. The Apple Cart
B. Saint Joan
C. Village Wooing
D. Pygmalion

Q7. The text asserts it is obtuse to deny high merit to which two later plays by Bernard Shaw?

A. The Apple Cart and Village Wooing
B. Saint Joan and The Apple Cart
C. Major Barbara and Village Wooing
D. The Doctor's Dilemma and The Apple Cart

Q8. Bernard Shaw's great virtue as a writer on current topics was that he:

A. Always agreed with popular prejudices
B. Saw beyond immediate problems and refused to be swayed by popular prejudices
C. Focused strictly on aesthetics
D. Ignored politics entirely

Q9. Who was the only other prose dramatist in the second quarter of this century whose plays are as good to read in print as to see in a theatre?

A. James Bridie
B. Christopher Fry
C. T.S. Eliot
D. Somerset Maugham

Q10. Before turning to authorship, James Bridie practised as a:

A. Lawyer
B. Doctor
C. Teacher
D. Priest

▶ Page 292 - James Bridie and Noel Coward

Q1. James Bridie chose his themes from a more varied field than Bernard Shaw and was more restlessly:

A. Political
B. Experimental
C. Sentimental
D. Religious

Q2. Bridie wrote only three plays which are good throughout, including:

A. The Apple Cart
B. The Anatomist, Tobias and the Angel, and Mr. Bolfry
C. Saint Joan and Village Wooing
D. Quadrille and Hay Fever

Q3. Bridie's play 'Mr. Bolfry' administers a dose of:

A. Irish mythology
B. Scottish metaphysics
C. Welsh folklore
D. English history

Q4. Only fragments of genius can be extracted from which of Bridie's plays?

A. A Sleeping Clergyman and Daphne Laureola
B. The Anatomist and Tobias and the Angel
C. Mr. Bolfry
D. Saint Joan

Q5. The darkening political scene in 1928 led James Bridie to write:

A. The Forrigan Reel
B. King of Nowhere
C. A Sleeping Clergyman
D. Mr. Bolfry

Q6. In 1944, Bridie wrote a wildly contrasting play with bewildering abandon titled:

A. Daphne Laureola
B. The Forrigan Reel
C. Tobias and the Angel
D. The Anatomist

Q7. According to the text, a play that fails on the stage yet is good to read suggests the author should have written a:

A. Longer play
B. Poem
C. Novel, pamphlet, or some other reading matter
D. Film script

Q8. The text asserts that theatres are temples of:

A. Worship
B. Education
C. Illusion and make-believe
D. Political debate

Q9. If a playwright can create for the audience an illusion of reality, he will succeed in the theatre even though he may not produce anything that is:

A. Entertaining
B. Important as literature
C. Financially successful
D. Popular with actors

Q10. Noel Coward made his mark just after the first World War with a tense and emotionally strained play titled:

A. Hay Fever
B. The Vortex
C. This Happy Breed
D. Quadrille

▶ Page 293 - Noel Coward, Terence Rattigan, and J.B. Priestley

Q1. Noel Coward wrote brittle comedies about trivial leisured people, characterized by:

A. Deep philosophical themes
B. The clipped style and conventionally unconventional behavior then fashionable
C. Somber and tragic tones
D. Lengthy poetic monologues

Q2. With which comedy did Noel Coward move up a step in the literary scale, comparable to Oscar Wilde's work?

A. The Vortex
B. This Happy Breed
C. Quadrille
D. Hay Fever

Q3. As Noel Coward grew older, he grew more serious without growing duller, as seen in:

A. The Vortex
B. Hay Fever
C. This Happy Breed
D. Quadrille

Q4. Which play by Noel Coward provided two great players with excellent parts, particularly in a witty scene in Act III?

A. Quadrille
B. This Happy Breed
C. The Winslow Boy
D. Time and the Conways

Q5. Terence Rattigan's 'The Winslow Boy' is based on an actual case involving a:

A. Politician accused of bribery
B. Naval cadet falsely accused and punished for theft
C. Soldier fleeing the battlefield
D. Doctor accused of murder

Q6. J.B. Priestley turned to playwriting after his great success as a novelist with:

A. The Good Companions
B. Time and the Conways
C. I Have Been Here Before
D. Johnson Over Jordan

Q7. Priestley made his most original contributions to the theatre with plays dealing with the new theories of:

A. Gravity
B. Relativity
C. Time evolved by certain philosophers
D. Biological evolution

Q8. Which of Priestley's plays touches upon the theory that time consists of a continuous present?

A. The Good Companions
B. Time and the Conways and I Have Been Here Before
C. The Winslow Boy
D. The Vortex

Q9. In which play did Priestley attempt to explore deeper themes, leading him to scold the public for its inattentiveness?

A. Johnson Over Jordan
B. Time and the Conways
C. The Good Companions
D. Quadrille

Q10. The text suggests that the failure of Priestley's deeper attempts was mainly due to:

A. The audience's lack of intelligence
B. His omission to recognize that good intentions do not counterbalance lapses from sound stage craftsmanship
C. The actors' poor performances
D. Interference from censors

▶ Page 294 - Statesmen-Authors and Historians

Q1. Laurence Housman wrote 'Happy and Glorious', a series of episodes in the life of:

A. St. Francis
B. Queen Victoria
C. Lord Marlborough
D. William the Silent

Q2. Benjamin Disraeli wrote a good many novels in the nineteenth century, including:

A. Only political pamphlets
B. Some fantastic and flippantly witty, others serious political studies
C. Solely children's fairy tales
D. Only historical romances

Q3. Arthur James Balfour was the author of philosophical works such as:

A. On England
B. A Defence of Philosophic Doubt
C. My Early Life
D. The Servile State

Q4. Which author's lifetime of experience as a soldier, statesman, and writer coincided with the most troubled period of modern world history?

A. Benjamin Disraeli
B. Stanley Baldwin
C. Winston Churchill
D. Arthur James Balfour

Q5. In 'My Early Life', Winston Churchill tells the story of his capture and escape during:

A. The first World War
B. The second World War
C. The South African war of 1899-1902
D. The Crimean War

Q6. Winston Churchill brought renown to himself as a biographer with the Life of Lord Randolph Churchill and the Life of:

A. Queen Victoria
B. Marlborough
C. Garibaldi
D. William the Silent

Q7. Churchill obtained chief eminence as a writer with his histories of:

A. The British Empire
B. The two World Wars
C. The English Civil War
D. The French Revolution

Q8. Churchill's literary style is described as:

A. Cold and objective
B. Vigorous and glowing, befitting his subjects
C. Dull and pedantic
D. Overly romantic

Q9. G.M. Trevelyan established his reputation with a three-part work on which figure's campaign for an independent Italy?

A. Mussolini
B. Garibaldi
C. Cavour
D. Mazzini

Q10. Trevelyan's 'English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries' made the wartime generation of the 1940s eager to read:

A. Poetry
B. Fiction
C. History
D. Drama

▶ Page 295 - Biography, Philosophy, and Travel

Q1. C.V. Wedgwood's excellent biography 'William the Silent' was followed by a larger history of the:

A. English Civil War
B. French Revolution
C. Hundred Years' War
D. Wars of the Roses

Q2. The first volume of C.V. Wedgwood's history of the English Civil War, published in 1955, is titled:

A. The World Crisis
B. The King's Peace, 1637-1641
C. The Stricken Deer
D. The Young Melbourne

Q3. Lord David Cecil wrote a life of the poet William Cowper titled:

A. The Young Melbourne
B. Lord M
C. The Stricken Deer
D. Talleyrand

Q4. Duff Cooper (Viscount Norwich) wrote a biography of:

A. King George V
B. Talleyrand
C. Lord Melbourne
D. William the Silent

Q5. Who made philosophy inexhaustibly fascinating in a number of volumes addressed to general readers?

A. T.E. Lawrence
B. Bertrand Russell
C. G.M. Trevelyan
D. Norman Douglas

Q6. Bertrand Russell covers an extensive subject in a pleasurable and enlightening style in his book:

A. History of Western Philosophy
B. A Defence of Philosophic Doubt
C. The World Crisis
D. The Servile State

Q7. Peter Fleming and Freya Stark are outstanding recent authors of:

A. Detective novels
B. Travel books
C. Biographies
D. Metaphysical poetry

Q8. 'Brazilian Adventure' and 'One's Company' were written by:

A. Freya Stark
B. Peter Fleming
C. Gertrude Bell
D. Norman Douglas

Q9. Gertrude Bell wrote travel books such as 'The Desert and the Sown' and:

A. The Southern Gates of Arabia
B. Amurath to Amurath
C. Siren Land
D. Old Calabria

Q10. Norman Douglas's most original work was the unique satirical novel 'South Wind', set in the island of:

A. Sicily
B. Corsica
C. Capri
D. Malta

▶ Page 296 - T.E. Lawrence, Belloc, and Chesterton

Q1. T.E. Lawrence developed remarkable gifts of military leadership when he headed the desert Arabs against:

A. Germany
B. Turkey
C. France
D. Egypt

Q2. Disillusioned by the Allies' failure in their promises to the Arabs, T.E. Lawrence joined the Air Force under the name:

A. T.E. Smith
B. T.E. Shaw
C. Lawrence of Arabia
D. John Doe

Q3. How did T.E. Lawrence die?

A. In a plane crash
B. In combat in the desert
C. Accidentally while riding a fast motor-cycle
D. Of natural causes in Oxford

Q4. In 1926, Lawrence published an expensive privately-circulated account of the desert campaign titled:

A. Revolt in the Desert
B. Seven Pillars of Wisdom
C. Arabia Deserta
D. The World Crisis

Q5. T.E. Lawrence learned the craft of writing through close consultation with:

A. Winston Churchill
B. Bertrand Russell
C. Bernard Shaw and others
D. T.S. Eliot

Q6. What makes 'Seven Pillars of Wisdom' impersonal and remote in tone?

A. Its lack of detail
B. Lawrence's eclecticism of literary style and desire to treat his own part objectively
C. Its focus only on geography
D. Its fictional nature

Q7. A condensed version of 'Seven Pillars of Wisdom', issued in 1927, was titled:

A. The Desert and the Sown
B. Revolt in the Desert
C. The Southern Gates of Arabia
D. Amurath to Amurath

Q8. Hilaire Belloc and G.K. Chesterton often worked in double harness in antagonism towards what Belloc called:

A. The Servile State
B. The Modern Utopia
C. The Victorian Optimism
D. The English Monarchy

Q9. 'The Servile State' is defined by Belloc as a state in which the individual weighs little against:

A. Free market capitalism
B. Bureaucracy and despotism
C. Religious institutions
D. Foreign invaders

Q10. Because of their character and temperament belonging to a passing age of idealism, Belloc may be regarded as the last of the:

A. Romantics
B. Realists
C. Naturalists
D. Classicists

▶ Page 297 - Chesterton, Belloc, and Chronological Table

Q1. 'The Path to Rome' is a travel book written by:

A. Hilaire Belloc
B. G.K. Chesterton
C. T.E. Lawrence
D. Peter Fleming

Q2. According to the text, G.K. Chesterton wrote too much and often too carelessly, being in total more a casual journalist than an author of:

A. Satire
B. Genius
C. Comedy
D. History

Q3. Chesterton's detective stories feature which famous character?

A. Sherlock Holmes
B. Hercule Poirot
C. Father Brown
D. Lord Peter Wimsey

Q4. Hilaire Belloc was described as a convinced propagandist whose fervour was prone to obscure his sense of:

A. Historical accuracy
B. Humor
C. Poetic rhythm
D. Religious devotion

Q5. According to the Table of the Present Age, Osbert Sitwell's 'England Reclaimed' was published in:

A. 1925
B. 1927
C. 1929
D. 1930

Q6. Virginia Woolf's 'Orlando' was published in:

A. 1927
B. 1928
C. 1929
D. 1930

Q7. J.B. Priestley's 'The Good Companions' was published in:

A. 1928
B. 1929
C. 1930
D. 1931

Q8. Maugham's 'Cakes and Ale', Edith Sitwell's 'Collected Poems', and Shaw's 'The Apple Cart' were all published in:

A. 1929
B. 1930
C. 1931
D. 1932

Q9. In 1931, which prominent author died?

A. Arnold Bennett
B. George Moore
C. John Galsworthy
D. Thomas Hardy

Q10. Eliot's 'Murder in the Cathedral' was published in:

A. 1933
B. 1934
C. 1935
D. 1936

▶ Page 298 - Table of the Present Age (Contd.)

Q1. Virginia Woolf's 'The Years' and Priestley's 'Time and the Conways' were published in:

A. 1935
B. 1936
C. 1937
D. 1938

Q2. J.M. Barrie died in:

A. 1936
B. 1937
C. 1938
D. 1939

Q3. James Joyce's 'Finnegans Wake' was published in the same year that W.B. Yeats died, which was:

A. 1937
B. 1938
C. 1939
D. 1940

Q4. Both James Joyce and Virginia Woolf died in:

A. 1939
B. 1940
C. 1941
D. 1942

Q5. T.S. Eliot's 'Four Quartets' and Joyce Cary's 'The Horse's Mouth' were published in:

A. 1942
B. 1943
C. 1944
D. 1945

Q6. George Orwell's 'Animal Farm' was published in:

A. 1944
B. 1945
C. 1946
D. 1947

Q7. H.G. Wells and Harley Granville-Barker both died in:

A. 1945
B. 1946
C. 1947
D. 1948

Q8. George Orwell's 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' was published in:

A. 1947
B. 1948
C. 1949
D. 1950

Q9. Christopher Fry's 'The Lady's Not For Burning' was published in:

A. 1947
B. 1948
C. 1949
D. 1950

Q10. Bernard Shaw died in:

A. 1949
B. 1950
C. 1951
D. 1952

▶ Page 299 - Table of the Present Age (Contd.)

Q1. James Bridie died in:

A. 1950
B. 1951
C. 1952
D. 1953

Q2. Osbert Sitwell's 'Wrack at Tidesend' and Dylan Thomas' 'Collected Poems' were published in:

A. 1951
B. 1952
C. 1953
D. 1954

Q3. Hilaire Belloc died in:

A. 1952
B. 1953
C. 1954
D. 1955

Q4. Dylan Thomas died in the same year as Belloc, which was:

A. 1951
B. 1952
C. 1953
D. 1954

Q5. Max Beerbohm died in:

A. 1954
B. 1955
C. 1956
D. 1957

Q6. Walter de la Mare died in the same year as Beerbohm, which was:

A. 1953
B. 1954
C. 1955
D. 1956

Q7. Joyce Cary died in:

A. 1955
B. 1956
C. 1957
D. 1958

Q8. According to the table of the Present Age, literature is divided into:

A. Fiction, Non-fiction, Poetry
B. Fiction, Verse, Drama
C. Prose, Poetry, Essays
D. Novels, Plays, Short Stories

Q9. The last author listed to die in the Table of the Present Age is:

A. Max Beerbohm
B. Walter de la Mare
C. Dylan Thomas
D. Joyce Cary

Q10. Which poet's 'Collected Poems' was published just one year before his death in 1953?

A. T.S. Eliot
B. Robert Graves
C. Dylan Thomas
D. W.B. Yeats

▶ Page 300 - General Review of The Present Age

Q1. The period from 1930 to 1955 in English literature is often referred to as:

A. The Victorian Age
B. The Romantic Age
C. The Present Age
D. The Edwardian Age

Q2. Who among the following was a leading poet and critic whose work 'The Waste Land' heavily influenced modern literature?

A. W.B. Yeats
B. T.S. Eliot
C. W.H. Auden
D. Stephen Spender

Q3. The Bloomsbury Set, an intellectual circle in the 1920s and 30s, included which prominent novelist?

A. Dorothy Sayers
B. Virginia Woolf
C. Elizabeth Bowen
D. Rose Macaulay

Q4. The Irish writer James Joyce is best known for his revolutionary novel:

A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
B. Finnegans Wake
C. Ulysses
D. All of the above

Q5. Which British Prime Minister wrote a six-volume history of 'The Second World War'?

A. Benjamin Disraeli
B. Arthur James Balfour
C. Stanley Baldwin
D. Winston Churchill

Q6. T.E. Lawrence's 'Seven Pillars of Wisdom' recounts his experiences in the desert with the:

A. Turks
B. Egyptians
C. Arabs
D. Persians

Q7. Which dramatist wrote 'Saint Joan' and 'The Apple Cart' and lived to the age of ninety-four?

A. James Bridie
B. Bernard Shaw
C. Noel Coward
D. Terence Rattigan

Q8. Aldous Huxley and George Orwell both wrote famous novels depicting:

A. Utopian pastoral societies
B. Totalitarian dystopias
C. Historical romances
D. Light-hearted comedies

Q9. W.H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and C. Day Lewis were prominent poets who emerged during which decade?

A. The 1910s
B. The 1920s
C. The 1930s
D. The 1940s

Q10. Gerard Manley Hopkins's poetry was recognized for its 'sprung rhythm' and 'inscape' only after its publication in:

A. 1889
B. 1900
C. 1914
D. 1918